Radio using spatial streams expansion with directional antennas

ABSTRACT

A radio is disclosed which uses spatial streams expansion with directional antennas.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims benefit under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e)(1) of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/662,680, filed on Apr. 25, 2018, which is incorporated by reference herein.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This disclosure is directed generally to devices for wireless network technology, and more specifically to radios using spatial streams expansion with directional antennas.

BACKGROUND

Wireless networks provide network connectivity to a multitude of wireless client devices through several wireless network devices. Those wireless network devices, also denoted as wireless access points (APs) or base stations (BS), are interconnected through a distribution system and share common radio frequency (RF) resources. Each AP can integrate one or more radios. Typically, a wireless client device selects a radio in an AP and establishes a wireless link with the radio according to a wireless network protocol such as the WLAN IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi) protocol or the cellular mobility long term evolution (LTE) protocol. RF signals used to establish the wireless link are transmitted in a wireless channel assigned or selected by the radio, where the RF channel occupies a limited bandwidth.

SUMMARY

In order to provide superior wireless connectivity throughput and reach to wireless client devices, radios with multiple spatial streams are employed with directional antennas. An important aspect of those devices is to properly map the data streams to the appropriate directional antennas. Multiple embodiments of a radio using spatial streams expansion with directional antennas are disclosed.

Details of one or more implementations of the disclosed technologies are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features, aspects, descriptions and potential advantages will become apparent from the description, the drawings and the claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a diagram of a multi-radio wireless network device (MR-WND).

FIGS. 2A-2C show aspects of a multi-radio wireless network device that includes an antenna system in accordance with the disclosed technologies.

FIG. 3 is a diagram of an example of a multi-segment multi-port (MSMP) antenna.

FIG. 4 is a diagram of a wireless network device which includes a single radio with four RF chains and an antenna system that includes four planar antenna segments.

FIGS. 5A-5B show aspects of an example of a dual linear polarization microstrip patch antenna.

FIGS. 6-7 show aspects of an embodiment of an MSMP antenna which includes four planar antenna segments, each of which implemented as single dual linear polarization microstrip patch antenna.

FIG. 8 is a diagram of an MSMP antenna system which includes an interface matrix and a four-segment multi-port antenna, where the interface matrix connects four RF chains of a radio to the four antenna segments using a configurable interconnecting arrangement.

FIG. 9 is a diagram of an MSMP antenna system which includes an interface matrix and a four-segment multi-port antenna, where the interface matrix connects eight RF chains of a radio to the four antenna segments using a fixed interconnecting arrangement.

FIG. 10 is a diagram of an MSMP antenna system which includes an interface matrix and an eight-segment multi-port antenna, where the interface matrix connects eight RF chains of a radio to the eight antenna segments using either a fixed or a configurable interconnecting arrangement.

FIG. 11 is a diagram of a multi-radio wireless network device which includes two radios each with four RF chains and an MR-MSMP antenna system that includes two MSMP antennas each with four planar antenna segments.

FIGS. 12-13 show aspects of an embodiment of an MR-MSMP antenna structure which includes two MSMP antennas each with four planar antenna segments, each of which implemented as single dual linear polarization microstrip patch antenna.

FIG. 14 shows an example of an arrangement on a PCB of two planar antenna segments, each of which implemented as single dual linear polarization microstrip patch antenna, of respective two MSMP antennas.

FIG. 15 is a diagram of an MR-MSMP antenna system which includes an interface matrix and two MSMP antennas each having four planar antenna segments, where the interface matrix connects four RF chains from each of two radios to the respective four antenna segments of the MSMP antennas using a configurable interconnecting arrangement.

FIG. 16 is a diagram of an example of a multi-port array (MSA) antenna.

FIG. 17 is a diagram of an example of an MSA antenna which includes an MPA antenna feeding network.

FIG. 18 is a diagram of an MSA antenna which includes sub-arrays of dual polarization antenna elements, MIMO feeding networks, interconnecting feeding networks and row feeding networks.

FIG. 19 is a diagram of a sub-array of antenna elements, each of which implemented as single dual linear polarization microstrip patch antenna, and the row feeding networks.

FIGS. 20-21 are diagrams of respective examples of interconnection feeding networks.

FIG. 22 is a diagram of an MSA antenna system including an MSA antenna configured like the one in FIG. 18, in which the MIMO feeding networks have been implemented as pass-through feeding networks.

FIG. 23 is a diagram of a 90°-hybrid coupler.

FIG. 24 is a diagram of an MSA antenna system including an MSA antenna configured like the one in FIG. 18, in which the MIMO feeding networks have been implemented as 90°-hybrid coupler feeding networks.

FIG. 25 is a diagram of an 8×8 Butler matrix.

FIG. 26 is a schematic of an 8×8 Butler matrix coupled to antenna elements emitting eight beams along different directions.

FIG. 27 is a diagram of an MSA antenna system including an MSA antenna configured like the one in FIG. 18, in which the MIMO feeding networks have been implemented as 8×8 Butler matrices.

FIG. 28 is a diagram of a 4×8 MPA antenna system in which the MPA antenna has a single feeding network.

FIG. 29 is a diagram of a 4×8 MPA antenna system in which the MPA antenna has dual feeding networks.

FIG. 30 is a diagram of a 4×8 MPA antenna system in which the MPA antenna has a Butler matrix feeding network.

FIGS. 31-32 show aspects of multi-radio (MR) MPA antenna systems.

FIGS. 33-37 show coverage areas accomplished for different configurations of MR-MPA antenna systems from FIGS. 31-32.

FIG. 38 illustrates a radio with multiple radio frequency (RF) ports, where each RF port transmits a RF signal, and the radio transmits multiple spatial streams (SS) of data, according to an embodiment.

FIG. 39 illustrates a direct mapping approach, according to an embodiment.

FIG. 40 illustrates beamforming techniques applied at a radio transmitter to efficiently map the SS's to the RF ports, according to an embodiment.

FIG. 41 illustrates transmit beamforming techniques when the number of spatial streams is less than the number of RF ports, according to an embodiment.

FIG. 42 illustrates a MIMO radio using cyclic delay diversity (CDD), according to an embodiment.

FIG. 43 illustrates a radio with multiple RF ports coupled to multiple directional antennas where each directional antenna exhibits a directional radiation pattern, at least two antennas radiate RF signals with substantially the same radiation pattern but with orthogonal polarization, and at least two antennas radiate RF signals with substantially different radiation patterns, according to an embodiment.

FIG. 44 is a top coverage view when the RF signals from the MIMO radio radiate in two different spatial sectors with orthogonal polarization in each spatial sector, according to an embodiment.

FIG. 45 illustrates a radio with four ports and four directional antennas, where a first pair of two directional antennas radiates different RF signals with similar radiation patterns but with orthogonal polarization, and the second pair of two directional antennas radiates different RF signals with similar radiation patterns but with orthogonal polarization, and where the radiation pattern of the second pair of two directional antennas is different from the radiation patterns of the first pair of directional antennas, according to an embodiment.

FIG. 46 illustrates a MIMO radio where first and second spatial sectors are associated respectively with the first and second pair of directional antennas and slightly overlapping, according to an embodiment.

FIG. 47 illustrates the MIMO radio of FIG. 46 configured to transmit four spatial streams with direct mapping of the spatial streams to the RF ports, according to an embodiment.

FIG. 48 illustrates the MIMO radio of FIG. 46 configured to transmit one spatial stream with cyclic delay diversity (CDD) spatial expansion to map the single spatial stream to the four RF ports, according to an embodiment.

FIG. 49 illustrates the MIMO radio of FIG. 46 configured to transmit two spatial streams with CDD spatial expansion to map the two spatial streams to the four RF ports, according to an embodiment.

FIG. 50 illustrates a case where the same RF signals are coupled to directional antennas with different radiation patterns, according to an embodiment.

Like reference symbols in the various drawings indicate like elements.

Certain illustrative aspects of the disclosed technologies are described herein in connection with the following description and the accompanying figures. These aspects are, however, indicative of but a few of the various ways in which the principles of the disclosed technologies may be employed and the disclosed technologies are intended to include all such aspects and their equivalents. Other advantages and novel features of the disclosed technologies may become apparent from the following detailed description when considered in conjunction with the drawings.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Multiple embodiments are disclosed of a radio using spatial streams expansion with directional antennas. The disclosed radio can be integrated in wireless network devices (WNDs) like the one shown diagrammatically in FIG. 1. Such a WND can include multiple radios each with multiple radio RF transceiver chains (example of such radios include MIMO (multiple-input multiple-output) and MU (multi-user)-MIMO radios), an interface matrix and multiple multi-port antennas. This WND, also referred to as a multi-radio wireless network device (MR-WND), can be used as an access point or base station. The multi-port antennas have at least two ports and can simultaneously transmit multiple beams to increase the aggregate spectral efficiency. Each port transmits or receives a RF signal. Ports attached to a same radio transmit RF signals in a RF channel occupying a limited bandwidth. Each beam, also referred to as a spatial stream (SS) of data, may radiate the same or different RF signal and each beam has different signal polarization and/or radiation pattern (a radiation pattern is mainly characterized by the maximum gain direction and its beamwidth). Several types of antennas can be employed providing omnidirectional, directional or reconfigurable radiation patterns, and various radiation polarizations. The interface matrix interconnects the RF signals from the radios to the multi-port antennas ports. Optionally, the interconnection can be dynamically configured.

Prior to describing example implementations of radios using spatial streams expansion with directional antennas, in the following sections we address the design and implementation of an antenna system that provides efficient MIMO and MU-MIMO communications concurrently with multiple radios in UHD environments. The antenna system would itself be a composite of a plurality of directional antennas, together with other RF elements, configured so as to achieve this result. We discuss our embodiments of the antenna system, as a composite of a plurality of various RF elements. In particular, the antenna system comprises preferentially a plurality of directional antennas, as opposed to omni-directional antennas. Directional antennas, by their nature, provide means to reject deleterious signals presenting as interference from outside the coverage area. In the embodiments disclosed herein, the antenna system is defined such that it can achieve the feature attributes required of the WND, in a manner that is compact, and addresses the multitude of physical challenges that arise from its integration. We address both use cases, identified above, where either a wide coverage area or a narrow coverage area with high antenna gain and directivity are required. The disclosed antenna systems thus enable the deployment of high capacity wireless networks for a wide variety of UHD environments. The disclosed antenna system can optionally incorporate means to reconfigure an interface matrix to enable dynamic coverage and interference management of the different radios.

The methods described herein can be used to implement an antenna system with the following features/aspects (important to UHD type environments): (1) means to radiate for at least two radios and at least two RF signals per radio with orthogonal polarization everywhere in the intended coverage zone of each radio of the wireless network device to efficiently support MIMO communications in UHD environments; (2) means to provide coverage in an area while reducing signal leakage and increasing signal rejection to/from adjacent WND in order to provide good connectivity in the coverage area while decreasing the channel reuse distance; and (3) sufficient isolation between radios to enable concurrent radio transmission and reception. In the result, we consider desirable, but not limiting, attributes arising from two MR-WND coverage use cases typified in UHD environments. In the first case, coverage in a relatively wide area is desired.

More specifically, the coverage beamwidth should be between 90 degrees and 160 degrees. This feature is to provide coverage in large areas, such as conference halls, stadium or airport concourses, etc. In the second case, a relatively small coverage with a narrow beam and high signal gain is desired. More specifically, the coverage beamwidth should be smaller than 60 degrees with more than 6-dBi gain and low side lobe levels. This feature is to provide coverage from locations far from users, such as in a stadium or arena bowl seating area.

Additional desirable optional features that are incorporated include: (1) means to radiate for some radios at least four RF signals, where two RF signals radiate in a given direction with a given beamwidth with orthogonal polarization and the two other RF signals radiate in a different direction and/or different beamwidth with orthogonal polarization with respect to the first two RF signals. This feature helps decorrelate the wireless link and enhances MU-MIMO transmission in UHD environments to distinct users via pattern diversity; (2) means to independently reconfigure the intended coverage direction and/or intended coverage area of some of the radios, in order to dynamically reassign radio capacity where required relative to the wireless network device location, and/or decrease RF interference in/from given directions. A particularly desirable feature is to reassign the capacity of all radios in the same coverage zone or in different coverage zones, and; (3) the antenna system has a small conformal or planar form factor. This feature is required to design aesthetic wireless network devices.

FIG. 2A is a diagram of an antenna system 200 that includes multiple antennas 210 and an interface matrix 220 for a MR-WND 201 that comprises at least two radios 230, each radio with multiple radio transceiver chains 232 (also referred to as RF chains). Examples of such radios 230 include MIMO and MU-MIMO radios. In the WND 201, each RF chain 232 of a radio 230 transmits on the same RF channel RF signals 205 belonging to the same data channel. The RF signals 205 can be the same or different. For clarity in the following we will assume that RF signals 205 are different. Each radio 230 transmits and receives RF signals 205 in one or more RF channels within an operating RF band. The RF band itself consists of RF spectrum that divided into multiple RF channels. The RF channels can be non-contiguous and the RF band may consist of non-contiguous RF spectrum. For clarity, in the following we will assume a single RF channel. Different radios transmit and receive RF signals 205 in RF channels in substantially non-overlapping RF bands. The RF chains of the radios 230 connect through the interface matrix 220 to the ports 212 of the multiple antennas 210. The interface matrix 220 could be reconfigured to selectively interconnect the RF chains 232 to the antenna ports 212 to dynamically change the spatial coverage of said radios 230. FIG. 2A illustrates an example of an interconnection of the radios 230, interface matrix 220 and antennas 210 in the MR-WND 201. In general, the number of radios 230 may differ from the number of antennas 210, and a radio can be connected simultaneously to different antennas.

The interface matrix 220 may comprise cables, transmission lines, switching elements and/or power dividing/combining elements to selectively route and connect or disconnect the RF chains 232 to each of the individual antenna feeds. Furthermore, the interface matrix 220 can be configured to allow each RF chain 232 to be coupled to none, one or multiple antenna feeds of the antenna system 200. The state of the switching elements is dynamically configured via the interface matrix control signals 222. The interface matrix 220 can also include RF filters to further reject signals outside the radio's operating RF band. Furthermore, the interface matrix 220 may comprise multiple separate interface matrix modules implemented on separate PCB.

Here, each radio 230 in the wireless network device 201 communicates data wirelessly according to communication protocols, such as those specified by IEEE 802.11, LTE (and it's variants, LTE-U, MuLTEfire, etc.), IEEE 802.15.4 (Zigbee), Bluetooth, and/or other type of wireless communication protocols. Different radios 230 can operate according to different user desired protocols. The radios 230 can also be multiple protocol capable, to be reconfigured to operate using different communication protocols. In the discussion that follows, for clarity, IEEE 802.11ac with four antennas is often used as an illustrative example. However, this does not restrict the scope of the described technologies and their applicability to particular radios or particular communication protocols.

The system logic 236 to determine the control signals 222 required to configure the coupling state realized by the interface matrix 220 can be implemented in either the radios 230, or a processor in a processor bank attached to the radios or a separate entity in the data network attached to a wireless network device communication interface such as a different wireless network access device or a wireless network access controller, or a combination of the above.

As discussed above, UHD deployments environments are best addressed using an antenna system 200 with either low gain and directivity providing wide coverage area (also referred to as UHD type-1 or simply type-1) or high gain and directivity providing narrow coverage area (also referred to as UHD type-2 or simply type-2). FIGS. 2B and 2C illustrate, without limitation, type 1 coverage area 290B and type 2 coverage area 290C, respectively. An example of type-1 coverage 290B is encountered in deployment of a ceiling mount MR-WND 201 at a height of less than 15 feet while an example of type-2 coverage 290C is encountered in deployment of a MR-WND 201 on a canopy or catwalk to serve users at a distance circa 100 feet. In the absence of a single antenna system that provides ideal capability for both type-1 and type-2 use cases we disclose two approaches to realizing an antenna system, one for UHD type-1 and one for UHD type-2, with each approach itself consisting of two steps. Although both antenna systems differ in their specific composition, the high-level elements of both antenna systems are common to the ones of the antenna system 200 illustrated in FIG. 2A.

In the first approach, we describe in a first step a first antenna system comprising a multi-segment multi-port (MSMP) antenna and an interface matrix for a WND having one radio. This MSMP antenna system provides means to the radio to cover a wide area as per UHD type-1. In a second step, we describe how to extend the MSMP antenna system to a MR-WND comprising at least two radios. This MR-WND employing a multi-radio MSMP antenna system comprising multiple MSMP antennas is suitably the first solution approach to provide coverage in type-1 wide areas.

In the second approach, we describe in a first step an antenna system comprising a Multi-Port Array (MPA) antenna and an interface matrix for a WND having one radio. This MPA antenna provides high gain and high directivity to provide adequate service to users from a large distance as per UHD type-2. In a second step, we describe how to extend the MPA antenna system to a MR-WND comprising at least two radios. This MR-WND employing MPA antennas is suited for UHD type-2 environments.

FIG. 3 illustrates the concept of an MSMP antenna 310 and its interface to a radio with multiple RF radio chains. The MSMP antenna 310 comprises multiple antenna segments 314 wherein each antenna segment has a common antenna port 312 comprising two separate antenna feeds 334 and means to radiate RF signals coupled to the antenna feeds with a directional radiation pattern. Further, each antenna segment 314 in the MSMP antenna 310 is a planar structure than can be independently oriented from the other segments (that is, the normal to each antenna segment plane can be positioned in independent directions). Each antenna feed 334 can be connected, through the interface matrix (e.g., 220), to a RF chain of the radio. Each RF chain transmits/receives a RF signal 305 from a radio.

Generally, a RF chain can be interconnected to none, one or more than one antenna feed 334 and an antenna feed can be connected to none, one or more than one RF chain. RF signals 305 coupled to the two different RF antenna feeds 334 of a common antenna port 312 are radiated by the antenna segment 314 with two different directional (non-omnidirectional) beams 342H, 342V. Both directional beams 342H, 342V radiate the RF signals with substantially similar radiation patterns, but with orthogonal polarizations. We refer to these dual beams as the vertical polarization beam 342V and horizontal polarization beam 342H of the antenna port 312 or antenna segment 314. In the result, each port 312 of the MSMP antenna 310 provides means to radiate a pair of directional beams 342H, 342V with orthogonal polarization in substantially different directions from the other ports 312. The antenna segment 314's properties (planar structure, independent geometric arrangement of different antenna segments, directional beam, two antenna feed, orthogonal polarization) make the MSMP antenna system, as we disclose later, an excellent choice to achieve type-1 coverage 290B with a MR-WND 201.

FIG. 4 is a diagram of an MR-WND 401 that uses an MSMP antenna system 400. For sake of clarity, and without limitation, the embodiment of the MR-WND 401 has one radio with four RF chains 432. The MSMP antenna system 400 comprises an MSMP antenna 410 and an interface matrix 420, with the MSMP antenna consisting of four planar antenna segments 414. Somebody skilled in the art can easily extend the embodiment of the MR-WND 401 having a single radio 430 to different number of radios, RF chains, MSMP antennas, planar antennas per MSMP antenna, etc. In the example illustrated in FIG. 4, the MSMP antenna 410 consists of four distinct planar antenna segments 414. Each planar antenna segment 414 is fabricated on a separate printed circuit board (PCB). The planar antenna segments 414 can also be designed to have a low reflection coefficient in a given operating frequency band and a high reflection coefficient outside the band. As will be shown, this becomes an important enabler for multi-radio operations.

FIG. 5A shows an example of a planar antenna segment 414 implemented here as a dual linear polarization microstrip patch antenna 514 fabricated on a PCB 511. FIG. 5B shows an intensity distribution 519 of a fixed directional beam that is emitted by the microstrip patch antenna 514 in the direction normal 520 of the patch antenna 514's plane. Here, the fixed directional beam has a 3-dB beamwidth of approximately 90 degrees (the actual beamwidth depends on the ground plane dimensions). By tuning its width 525 and length 526, the patch antenna 514 can be designed to have a low reflection coefficient in a given operating frequency band and a high reflection coefficient outside the band. The dual linear polarization microstrip patch antenna 514 has two antenna feeds, and the two feeds 534H, 534V together constitute the planar antenna segment port 512. By appropriately connecting the antenna feeds 534H, 534V to the patch antenna, the single patch antenna 514 can simultaneously radiate two different RF signals with vertical and horizontal polarization.

Multiple microstrip patch antennas 514 can also be fabricated on a single PCB so as to construct multiple MSMP antennas for a MR-WND. Another example of a planar antenna segment that can be employed in this manner is a stacked patch antenna. In all the considered arrangements, the multiple planar antenna segments of the MSMP antenna are oriented on non-parallel planes. That is, the normal 520 to each planar antenna segment is oriented in a different direction. Therefore, RF signals coupled to different ports of the MSMP antenna will simultaneously radiate with different beams having different directions.

Referring now to FIGS. 4 and 5A, the interface matrix 420 provides means to interconnect the different RF chains 432 of the radio 430 to one or more antenna feeds 534H, 534V of the planar antenna segments 414, 514. The interface matrix 420 can further include means to dynamically reconfigure the interconnections between the multiple RF radio chains 432 and the multiple antenna ports 512. In generality, the interface matrix 420 can be configured to allow each RF chain 432 to be coupled to none, one or multiple planar antenna segments 414, 514 of the MSMP antenna 410. In the result, by appropriately designing the geometry of the planar antenna segments 414, 514 of the MSMP antenna 410 and selectively interconnecting RF chains 432 of the radio 430 to the antenna feeds 534H, 534V on the planar antenna segments 414, 514, it is possible to achieve multiple well-controlled coverage areas for the radio 430 with the same MSMP antenna 410. The interface matrix 420 in this arrangement can also implement the further function and means to reject or improve the rejection of signals outside a given band. RF filters, which are devices providing low insertion loss in a given RF band (the RF band may consist of contiguous or non-contiguous RF spectrum) and high signal rejection outside this band, will be often used in the following exemplary embodiment as a mean to provide this function in the interface matrix 420.

FIG. 6 is a perspective view, and FIG. 7 is a side view into the (y,z)-plane, of an embodiment of an MSMP antenna 610 configured as a geometrical circuit arrangement comprising four planar antenna segments 614-1, 614-2, 614-3, 614-4, each of which implemented as the dual linear polarization microstrip patch antenna 514 of FIG. 5. Note that the side view into the (x,z)-plane of the MSMP antenna 610 is similar to the one illustrated in FIG. 7. The MSMP antenna 610 is supported on a chassis 613 (which can be the housing of the MR-WND 401, for instance) and includes a base 615 and the four planar antenna segments 614-1, 614-2, 614-3, 614-4. In the example illustrated in FIGS. 6-7, the base 615 has a surface parallel to the (x,y)-plane that represents a reference plane for the geometrical circuit arrangement of the MSMP antenna 610. The four planar antenna segments 614-1, 614-2, 614-3, 614-4 are assembled on the base 615 as illustrated in FIGS. 6-7. A first pair 616-1 of two planar antenna segments 614-1, 614-2 are arranged such that their respective normals have the same angle θ with a reference plane normal (the XY plane). For the case where the planar antenna segments are microstrip patch antennas, a range of values for angle θ is 10° to 40°, with a preferred value for this angle being 0=30°. Furthermore, a first plane (the YZ plane) defined by the normals of the first pair 616-1 of two planar antenna segments 614-1, 614-2 is orthogonal to the reference plane 613 (the XY plane). A second pair 616-2 of two planar antenna segments 614-3, 614-4 are arranged such that their respective normal has the same angle θ with a reference plane (the XY plane) as the first two planar antenna segments 614-1, 614-2. Furthermore, the second plane (the XZ plane) defined by the normals of the second pair 616-2 of two planar antenna segments 614-3, 614-4 is orthogonal to the reference plane (the XY plane), and is orthogonal to the first plane (the YZ plane) defined by the normals of the first pair 616-1 of two planar antenna segments 614-1, 614-2. FIG. 5 furthers shows that the respective horizontal (or vertical, as the case may be) antenna feeds 534H, 534V of the different antenna segments 614-1, 614-2, 614-3, 614-4 are co-aligned. This arrangement is preferable in the embodiment 610, as symmetry of the resulting composite RF pattern from the antenna system 400 is desirable in this embodiment, but for generality the antenna feeds 534H, 534V of the different antenna segments 614-1, 614-2, 614-3, 614-4 need not be so aligned.

FIG. 8 is a diagram of an MSMP antenna system 800 comprising an interface matrix 820 between the four RF chains 432-1, 432-2, 432-3, 432-4 of the radio 430 and the eight antenna feeds of the four antenna segments 614-1, 614-2, 614-3, 614-4 of the MSMP antenna 610 illustrated in FIG. 6 and FIG. 7. A first RF chain 432-1 of the radio 430 is interconnected through the interface matrix 820 to a first antenna feed 534H, 534V on a first planar antenna segment 614-1 of the first pair 616-1 of two opposite planar antenna segments 614-1, 614-2 and to a first antenna feed 534V, 534H on a second planar antenna segment 614-2 of the first pair 616-1 of two opposite planar antenna segments 614-1, 614-2. Therefore, the RF signal from the first RF chain 432-1 will radiate with different beams in different directions from both planar antenna segments 614-1, 614-2. Note that the two antenna feeds 534H, 534V, one to each of the opposite planar antenna segments 614-1, 614-2, can be selected such that they radiate the same signal with either the same or different polarization. A second RF chain 432-2 of the radio 430 is interconnected in a similar manner through the interface matrix 820 to each of the two ports 512 of the first pair 616-1 of two planar antenna segments 614-1, 614-2, but to antenna feeds other than the antenna feeds 534H, 534V interconnected to the first RF chain 432-1. A third and fourth RF chains 432-3, 432-4 of the radio 430 are interconnected through the interface matrix 820 to the second pair 616-2 of two planar antenna segments 614-3, 614-4 in a similar manner as the first and second RF chains 432-1, 432-2.

The interface matrix 820 can further include switching elements (S) 824 to dynamically and independently interconnect or disconnect each RF chain 432-1, 432-2, 432-3, 432-4 to each of the antenna feeds 534H, 534V. The interface matrix 820 then enables the reconfiguration of the radio coverage area, including its direction and width. The state of the switching elements 824 is dynamically configured via the interface matrix control signals 422. The interface matrix 820 can also include inline RF filters (F) 826 to further reject signals outside the desired operating frequency band.

One skilled in the art can easily extend this exemplary embodiment of antenna system 800 to be used with radios with a smaller or larger number of RF chains. FIG. 9 is a diagram of an MSMP antenna system 900 comprising an interface matrix 920 between eight RF chains 832-1, . . . , 832-8 of a radio and the eight antenna feeds of the four planar antenna segments 614-1, 614-2, 614-3, 614-4 of the MSMP antenna 610 illustrated in FIG. 6 and FIG. 7. The eight antenna feeds of the MSMP antenna 610 can be interconnected with the eight RF chains 832-1, . . . , 832-8 of the radio using a fixed arrangement of the interface matrix 920, as illustrated in FIG. 9. This fixed arrangement of the interface matrix 920 provides all the required features, except providing means through the interface matrix 920 to reconfigure the coverage area.

FIG. 10 is a diagram of an MSMP antenna system 1000 comprising an interface matrix 1020 between eight RF chains 832-1, . . . , 832-8 of a radio and sixteen antenna feeds of eight planar antenna segments 1014-1, . . . , 1014-8 of an MSMP antenna. The eight-segment multi-port antenna, having planar antenna segments 1011-1, . . . , 1014-8, can be interconnected with the eight RF chains 832-1, . . . , 832-8 of the radio using an interface matrix 1020, as shown in FIG. 10. The interconnection between the antenna feeds 534H, 534V and RF chains 832-1, . . . , 832-8 is similar to the arrangement with the radio with four RF chains illustrated in FIG. 8. To be more specific, RF chains 832-1 and 832-2, RF chains 832-3 and 832-4, RF chains 832-5 and 832-6, RF chains 832-7 and 832-8, are respectively interconnected through the interface matrix 1020 to the antenna feeds 534H, 534V of the first, second, third and fourth pair 1016-1, . . . , 1016-4 of planar antenna segments, where first, second, third and fourth pair 1016-1, . . . , 1016-4 of planar antenna segments respectively consist of planar antenna segments 1014-1 and 1014-2, planar antenna segments 1014-3 and 1014-4, planar antenna segments 1014-5 and 1014-6, and planar antenna segments 1014-7 and 1014-8. If the interface matrix 1020 further includes switching elements to dynamically and independently interconnect or disconnect each RF chain 832-1, . . . , 832-8 to each of the antenna feeds 534H, 534V, it then become possible to selectively reconfigure the coverage area, including its profile, direction and width, obtainable by the radio with eight RF chains 832-1, . . . , 832-8.

One can appreciate that by employing similar microstrip patch antennas 514 in the multiple segments, the composite radiated signal level, or coverage pattern of the MSMP antenna system 400, 800, 900, 1000 is substantially axially symmetric and uniform in the entire coverage area. This is a desirable and specifically intended feature and benefit of this arrangement, in order to provide uniform service to a plurality of client devices wherever they are located in the type-1 coverage area.

Other benefits and features of the arrangement of antenna system 400, 800, 900, 1000 are: (1) it is possible to achieve various alternate coverage patterns for the radio varying from an approximately 90×90 degree sector coverage to 160×160 degree sector coverage by selectively interconnecting the RF chains to the antenna feeds in the interface matrix 420, 820, 920, 1020; (2) the achievable radiation patterns have maximum gain in front of the MR-WND 401 (along the Z axis) and minimize the signal propagation of signal close or beyond the reference plane (XY plane). This minimizes, as intended, the interference leakage to adjacent wireless network devices and client devices outside the intended service area that may be using the same RF channel; (3) everywhere in the coverage area of the radio, there are always two signals emanating on different beams with orthogonal polarization. This is a desired feature to provide efficient MIMO communication links with two spatial streams in a LOS/quasi-LOS setting; (4) different RF signals are radiated in different directions (e.g., the RF signals from the first and second RF chains 432-1, 432-2 radiate in substantially different directions as the RF signals from the third and fourth RF chains 432-3, 432-4). This provides additional signal discrimination that further enhance the performance of MU-MIMO communications; (5) the MSMP antenna system 400, 800, 900, 1000 has a low profile and can be integrated in a wireless network device 401 with aesthetic design; and (6) as we will explain below, the MSMP antenna system 400, 800, 900, 1000 is suitable for the integration of multiple radios in MR-WND. One can thus appreciate the significant benefits provided by the disclosed MSMP antenna system 400, 800, 900, 1000 over state-of-the-art antenna systems.

We further recognize, in the second step of the first approach for the design of an antenna system for UHD with wide type-1 coverage, the several characteristics possessed by the MSMP antenna system 400, 800, 900, 1000 that are critical for a multiple radio implementation. First, the planar and multi-segment nature of the MSMP antenna makes it amenable to integrate multiple MSMP antennas in a small form factor wireless network device. Second, the MSMP antenna structure makes is possible to conceive a geometric arrangement with interface matrix that enables the coverage properties identified before. Finally, the MSMP antenna has improved intrinsic signal rejection properties which arise from the compounding effects of (1) the directionality and orthogonality of the beams of the various antenna segments, (2) the purposeful and flexible geometric separation and arrangement of the antenna segments and, (3) the optional use of in-line RF filters, enhances the isolation between multiple radios to enable simultaneous operations of the multiple radios.

FIG. 11 is a diagram of an MR-WND 1101 that uses a multi-radio MSMP (MR-MSMP) antenna system 1100. For sake of clarity, the MR-WND 1101 has two radios 1130-1, 1130-2 each with four RF chains 1132. The first radio 1130-1 operates on channels in a first band and the second radio 1130-2 operates on channels in a second band. The two bands are mostly non-overlapping. The MR-MSMP antenna system 1100 comprises an interface matrix 1120 and two MSMP antennas 1110-1, 1110-2 each consisting of four planar antenna segments 1114. In other embodiments, the MR-WND 1101 can have a different number of radios, RF chains, and/or can use a different number of MSMP antennas, planar antenna segments per MSMP antenna, etc. Moreover, the MSMP antennas of the MR-MSMP antenna system 1100 can be assembled in an MR-MSMP antenna assembly 1140 described in detail below in connection with FIGS. 12-13.

For the MR-MSMP antenna system 1100, each MSMP antenna 1110-1, 1110-2 includes four distinct planar antenna segments 1114. The MSMP antennas 1110-1, 1110-2 and their respective set of four planar antenna segments 1114 can be arranged to form an MR-MSMP antenna structure 1140 which will be described in detail below in connection with FIGS. 12-13. Each planar antenna segment 1114 of each MSMP antenna 1110 is fabricated on a separate PCB. Note that as will be described below, planar antenna segments 1114 of different multi-segment multi-port antennas 1110 can be fabricated on the same PCB. Each planar antenna segment 1114 is also designed to have a low reflection coefficient in a desired operating frequency band and a high reflection coefficient outside the band to enhance isolation between RF signals of different radios 1130-1, 1130-2. A reflection coefficient is defined as a ratio of the amplitude of the reflected signal to the amplitude of the incident signal. Here, the low reflection coefficient in the desired operating frequency band is designed to be at least 2 to 3 times smaller than the high reflection coefficient outside the band, when measured for a relative frequency separation of 5% to 10%. The relative frequency separation is defined as

${\frac{{f_{L} - f_{H}}}{f_{L} + f_{H}} \times 2 \times 100},$ where f_(L) is the frequency at which the low reflection coefficient is measured, and f_(H) is the frequency at which the high reflection coefficient is measured. Note that the high reflection coefficient is typically 0.85 or larger, 0.9 or larger, 0.95 or larger, or 0.99 or larger. Moreover, the planar antenna segments 1114 of each MSMP antenna 1110-1, 1110-2 are on non-parallel planes. That is, the normal to each planar antenna segment 1114 belonging to the same MSMP antenna 1110-1 or 1110-2 is oriented in a different direction. Therefore, RF signals coupled to different ports of a MSMP antenna 1110-1 or 1110-2 will simultaneously radiate with different beams having different directions.

In general, there are no constraints on the mutual geometric arrangement of the different MSMP antennas 1110-1, 1110-2 in the MR-MSMP antenna structure 1140 of the MR-MSMP antenna system 1100. That is, none, some or all antenna segments 1114 belonging to a different MSMP antenna, e.g., 1110-1, can be parallel to an antenna segment 1114 belonging to a different MSMP antenna, e.g., 1110-2. In a particular arrangement, each antenna segment 1114 of the first MSMP antenna 1110-1 interconnected to the first radio 1130-1's RF chains 1132 is in a plane parallel to the plane of one and only one planar antenna segment 1114 of the second MSMP antenna 1110-2 interconnected to the second radio 1130-2's RF chains 1132 (that is, both planar antenna segment normal are oriented in the same direction). This arrangement leads to several advantages. First, parallel planar antenna segments 1114 of the different MSMP antennas 1110-1 and 1110-2 can be fabricated on a single PCB, leading to lower cost and smaller size. Second, it becomes possible, to conceive and configure an interface matrix 1120 to have coverage area for each radio ranging from mutually fully overlapping to non-overlapping.

The interface matrix 1120 of the MR-MSMP antenna system 1100 provides means to interconnect the different RF chains 1132 of the multiple radios 1130-1, 1130-2 to one or more antenna feeds of the planar antenna segments 1114 of the MSMP antennas 1110-1, 1110-2. The interface matrix 1120 can further include means to dynamically reconfigure the interconnections. By appropriately designing the geometry of the planar antenna segments 1114 and selectively interconnecting RF chains 1132 of each radio 1130-1, 1130-2 to the antenna feeds on the planar antenna segments 1114, it is possible to independently achieve multiple well-controlled coverage area for each radio 1130-1, 1130-2 with the same MR-MSMP antenna system 1100. The interface matrix 1120 can also include means to reject signals outside a given band such as RF filters.

FIG. 12 is a perspective view, and FIG. 13 is a side view into the (y,z)-plane, of an MR-MSMP antenna structure 1240 which includes a base 1215 and a particular circuit arrangement of the two MSMP antennas 1110-1, 1110-2, each with four planar antenna segments 1214, where there are parallel antenna segments from each of the MSMP antennas fabricated on the same PCB 1211. That is, the MR-MSMP antenna structure 1240 comprises four PCBs 1211 and each PCB 1211-j comprises one planar antenna segment 1214-(j,1) of the first MSMP antenna 1110-1 and one planar antenna segment 1214-(j,2) of the second MSMP antenna 1110-2, where j=1, 2, 3, 4. The MR-MSMP antenna structure 1240 is supported by a chassis 1213 (which can be the housing of the MR-WND 1101, for instance). In the example illustrated in FIGS. 12-13, the four PCBs 1211 are assembled on the base 1215, which has a surface parallel to the (x,y)-plane that represents a reference plane for the MR-MSMP antenna structure 1240. Here, the chassis 1215 and the four PCBs 1211 are integrally formed. The four planar antenna segments 1214-(1,1), 1214-(2,1), 1214-(3,1), 1214-(4,1) of the first MSMP antenna 1110-1 are tuned to have a low reflection coefficient in the operating band of the first radio and high reflection coefficient outside the band. Similarly, the four planar antenna segments 1214-(1,2), 1214-(2,2), 1214-(3,2), 1214-(4,2) of the second MSMP antenna 1110-2 are tuned to have a low reflection coefficient in the operating band of the second radio and high reflection coefficient outside the band.

A first pair 1216-1 of two PCB's (PCB 1211-1 and PCB 1211-2) are arranged such that their respective normal has the same angle θ with the reference plane normal (the XY plane). For the case where the planar antenna segments 1214 of the MSMP antennas 1110-1, 1110-2 are microstrip patch antennas (like 514), a range of values for angle θ is 10° to 40°, with a preferred value for this angle being 0=30°. Further, a first plane (the YZ plane) defined by the two normals of the first pair 1216-1 of two PCBs 1211-1, 1211-2 is orthogonal to the reference plane (the XY plane). A second pair 1216-2 of two PCBs (PCB 1211-3 and PCB 1211-4) are arranged such that their respective normal has the same angle θ with a reference plane (the XY plane) as the first pair of two PCB's 1211-1, 1211-2. Further, the second plane (the XZ plane) defined by the two normals of the second pair 1216-2 of two PCBs 1211-3, 1211-4 is orthogonal to the reference plane (the XY plane), and is orthogonal to the first plane (the YZ plane) defined by the two normals of the first pair 1216-1 of two PCB's 1211-1, 1211-2.

In the case of this particular arrangement of the MR-MSMP antenna structure 1240, to further reduce coupling between the MSMP antennas 1110-1, 1110-2 and improve the isolation between radios 1130-1, 1130-2, it is preferable to alternate the planar antenna segments 1214 order on each adjacent PCB 1211 such that two planar antenna segments 1214 on the same corner are interconnected to RF chains belonging to a same radio 1130. This configuration is illustrated in FIG. 12. Further, FIG. 14 shows a PCB 1411 which supports a planar antenna segment 1414-1 of the first MSMP antenna 1110-1 and a planar antenna segment 1414-2 of the second MSMP antenna 1110-2. The orientation of the planar antenna segments 1414-1, 1414-2 on the PCB 1411 can be optimized to decrease the coupling between the MSMP antennas 1110-1, 1110-2 when the PCBs 1211-1, . . . , 1211-4 of the MR-MSMP antenna structure 1240 are implemented as the PCB 1411. For example, a slant angle α in a range of 30° to 60°, with a preferred value α=45°, can be used between the two planar antenna segments 1414-1, 1414-2 on the PCB 1411, as illustrated in FIG. 14.

FIG. 15 is a diagram of an MR-MSMP antenna system 1500 comprising an interface matrix 1520 between the eight RF chains 1132-(k,i) of the two radios 1130-i and the sixteen antenna feeds of the two MSMP antennas 1110-i arranged in the MR-MSMP antenna structure 1240 illustrated in FIG. 12 and FIG. 13, where i=1, 2 is a radio/MSMP antenna index, j=1, 2, 3, 4 is a PCB/planar antenna segment index, and k=1, 2, 3, 4 is a RF chain index.

A first RF chain 1132-(1,1) of the first radio 1130-1 is interconnected through the interface matrix 1520 to a first antenna feed 534H, 534V of a first planar antenna segment 1214-(1,1) of a first MSMP antenna 1110-1 fabricated on a first PCB 1211-1 of a first pair 1216-1 of two opposite PCBs 1211-1, 1211-2 and to a first antenna feed 534H, 534V of a second planar antenna segment 1214-(2,1) of a first MSMP antenna 1110-1 fabricated on a second PCB 1211-2 of the first pair 1216-1 of two opposite PCBs 1211-1, 1211-2. Therefore, the RF signal from the first RF chain 1132-(1,1) will radiate with different beams in a different direction from both planar antenna segments 1214-(1,1), 1214-(2,1) of the first MSMP antenna 1110-1. Note that the two antenna feeds 534H, 534V can be selected such that they radiate the same signal with different or same polarization. However, to avoid creating a phased array from the planar antenna segments 1214-(1,1), 1214-(2,1) with potential undesirable nulls in the desired coverage area, particularly in a setting where phase control and spacing between the segments cannot easily be accurately controlled, the two antenna feeds 534H, 534V from opposite antenna segments can be selected to radiate the same signal with cross polarization.

A second RF chain 1132-(2,1) of the first radio 1130-1 is interconnected in a similar manner through the interface matrix 1520 to each of the two ports of the same first planar antenna segment 1214-(1,1) of same first MSMP antenna 1110-1 fabricated on same first PCB 1211-1 of same first pair 1216-1 of two opposite PCBs 1211-1, 1211-2 and of the same second planar antenna segment 1214-(2,1) of same first MSMP antenna 1110-1 fabricated on same second PCB 1211-2 of same first pair 1216-1 of two opposite PCBs 1211-1, 1211-2. However, the second RF chain 1132-(2,1) of first radio 1130-1 interconnects to different antenna feeds 534H, 534V than the antenna feeds 534H, 534V interconnected to the first RF chain 1132-(1,1) of first radio 1130-1. A third and fourth RF chains 1132-(3,1), 1132-(4,1) of the same first radio 1130-1 are interconnected through the interface matrix 1520 to the third and fourth planar antenna segments 1214-(3,1), 1214-(4,1) of same first MSMP antenna 1110-1 fabricated on the third and fourth PCBs 1211-3, 1211-4 of the second pair 1216-2 of two opposite PCBs 1211-3, 1211-4 in a similar manner as the first and second RF chains 1132-(1,1), 1132-(2,1) are interconnected to the first and second planar antenna segments 1214-(1,1), 1214-(2,1) of the first MSMP antenna 1110-1 fabricated on the first and second PCBs 1211-1, 1211-2 of the first pair 1216-1 of two opposite PCBs 1211-1, 1211-2.

The interface matrix 1520 of the MR-MSMP antenna system 1500 can further include switching elements 1524 to dynamically and independently interconnect or disconnect each RF chain 1132-(k,i) of first radio 1130-1 to each of the antenna feeds 534H, 534V of the first MSMP antenna 1110-1. The state of the switching elements is configurable via the interface matrix control signals 1122. The interface matrix can also include inline RF filters 1526 to further reject signals outside the first radio 1130-1's operating frequency band.

The four RF chains 1132-(k,2) from the second radio 1130-2 are interconnected to the four planar antenna segments 1214-(j,2) of the second MSMP antenna 1110-2 in a similar manner as the four RF chains 1132-(k,1) from the first radio 1130-1. For the second radio 1130-2, the interface matrix 1120 can further include switching elements 1524 to dynamically and independently interconnect or disconnect each RF chain 1132-(k,2) of the second radio 1130-2 to each of the antenna feeds 534H, 534V of second MSMP antenna 1110-2. The state of the switching elements 1524 is configurable via the interface matrix control signals 1122. The interface matrix 1520 can also include inline RF filters 1526 to further reject signals outside the operating band of the second radio. The interface matrix 1520 then enables the independent reconfiguration of the first radio 1130-1 and second radio 1130-2 coverage areas, including its profile, direction and width. For example, and without limitations, the coverage areas of the first radio 1130-1 and second radio 1130-2 could be configured in one instance to be substantially similar and in another instance to be mostly non-overlapping.

Referring now to FIGS. 13-14, the MR-MSMP antenna structure 1240 can include more or fewer PCBs 1211 and/or additional planar antenna segments 1214 per PCB. Furthermore, the reference plane between the PCBs 1211 can also be utilized to integrate other antennas 1110 for additional radios 1130. Referring now to FIG. 15, the MR-MSMP antenna system 1500 can be coupled with the same or a greater number of radios 1130 with same or greater number of RF chains. For example, and without limitations, two radios—like the eight RF chain radio to which the MSMP antenna system 900, 1000 communicates—could be used such that two radios with eight RF chains each is coupled with the MR-MSMP antenna system 1500.

One can appreciate that with the MR-MSMP antenna system 1100, 1500, the following benefits and features can be accomplished: (1) it is possible to independently achieve various coverage for each radio varying from an approximately 90×90 degree sector coverage to 160×160 degree sector coverage by selectively interconnecting the RF chains to the antenna feeds in the interface matrix 1120, 1520; (2) the coverage of each radio can be independently configure and can range from fully-overlapping to non-overlapping; (3) the achievable radiation patterns of each radio 1130-i have maximum gain in front of the MR-WND 1101 (along the Z axis) and minimize the signal propagation of signal close or beyond the reference plane (XY plane). This minimizes, as intended, the generated interference to adjacent wireless network devices and client devices using the same channel; (4) everywhere in the coverage area of each radio 1130-i, there is always two signals emanating on different beams with orthogonal polarization. This is a desired feature to provide efficient MIMO communication links with two spatial streams; (5) different RF signals of each radio 1130-i are radiated in different directions (e.g., the RF signals from the first and second RF chains 1132-(1,i), 1132-(2,i) radiate in substantially different directions as the RF signals from the third and fourth RF chains 1132-(3,i), 1132-(4,i)). This provides additional signal discrimination that further enhance the performance of MU-MIMO communications; (6) the antenna system 1100, 1500 provides several means to isolate the radios 1130-i (signal rejection antenna tuning, directionality, geometric arrangement, RF filtering) to enable concurrent multi-radio operation; and (7) the antenna system for the multiple radios 1130-i has a low profile and can be integrated in a wireless network device 1101 with an aesthetic design and form factor that is low profile. For instance, the MR-MSMP antenna structure 1240 that includes two MSMP antennas 1110-1, 1110-2, as shown in FIGS. 12 and 13, has an approximate length of 20 cm, width of 20 cm, and height of 1.6 cm when designed for two radios 1130-1, 1130-2 operating in the 5 GHz unlicensed band. One can thus appreciate the multiple significant and unique benefits provided by the disclosed MR-MSMP antenna system 1100, 1500 over state-of-the-art systems.

The MR-MSMP antenna system 1100, 1500 efficiently resolves the problem of providing efficient MIMO and MU-MIMO communications in UHD environments where wide type-1 coverage area is required and enable dynamic coverage and interference management. However, it doesn't provide sufficient antenna gain and directivity for type-2 UHD deployment scenarios noted earlier, where a MR-WND is located at a farther distance from client devices (e.g., 100+feet distance). For the second approach we disclose in a first step an antenna system comprising a high gain high directivity Multi-Port Array (MPA) antenna and an interface matrix.

FIG. 16 illustrates the concept of an MPA antenna 1610. The MPA antenna 1610 comprises at least one antenna port 1612-1, . . . , 1612-N, where each antenna port comprises two separate and discrete MPA antenna feeds 1634. Each discrete MPA antenna feed 1634 can be connected, through the interface matrix, to RF chains of a radio comprising multiple RF chains. Each RF chain transmits/receives a RF signal 1605. Generally, a RF chain can be interconnected to none, one or more than one MPA antenna feed 1634 and a MPA antenna feed 1634 can be connected to none, one or more than one RF chain. RF signals 1605 coupled to the two separate and discrete RF antenna feeds 1634 of an antenna port 1612-j are both radiated by the MPA antenna 1610 giving dual directional beams 1642H, 1642V having substantially similar radiation patterns but with orthogonal polarization, where j=1 . . . N.

We refer to these dual beams 1642H, 1642V associated with the two antenna feeds 1634 of an MPA antenna port 1612-j as the vertical polarization beam 1642V and horizontal polarization beam 1642H of the antenna port 1612-j. Similarly, different ports of the MPA antenna radiate dual directional beams but in substantially different directions than from other MPA antenna ports. Finally, RF signals 1605 coupled to two different ports 1612-j of the MPA antenna 1610 are simultaneously radiated by the MPA antenna according to the dual directional beams 1642H, 1642V of each port to which the RF signals are coupled. For example, RF signals 1605 coupled to antenna feed 1634-(1,1) and 1634-(2,1) of antenna port 1612-1, and RF signals 1605 coupled to antenna feed 1634-(3,2) and 1634-(4,2) of antenna port 1612-2 will be simultaneously radiated according to beam 1642H−1 (port 1612-1—horizontal polarization), beam 1642V-2 (port 1612-1—vertical polarization), beam 1642H-3 (port 1612-2—horizontal polarization), and beam 1642V-4 (port 1612-2—vertical polarization), respectively.

FIG. 17 is a diagram of an embodiment of an MPA antenna 1710 comprising a planar array 1750 of printed circuit dual linear polarization planar antenna elements. An example of a printed circuit dual linear polarization planar antenna element of the planar array 1750 is the dual linear polarization microstrip patch antenna 514 fabricated on a PCB 511 described above in connection with FIG. 5A. The MPA antenna 1710 further comprises an MPA feeding network 1760. The MPA feeding network 1760 comprises a horizontal polarization feeding network 1760H and a vertical polarization feeding network 1760V.

The number of planar antenna elements of the planar array 1750 is configured to be greater than or equal to the number of MPA antenna ports 1612-1, . . . , 1612-N and their arrangement is arbitrary. The planar antenna elements of the planar array 1750 can be homogeneous or heterogeneous.

Each planar antenna element of the planar array 1750 comprises two separate antenna feeds e.g., 534H, 534V, to excite the radiating structure such that the single planar antenna element, e.g., 514, can simultaneously radiate RF signals 1605 coupled to the different antenna feeds 534H, 534V with substantially similar radiation patterns but with orthogonal polarization. We therefore refer to the two antenna element feeds as the vertical polarization antenna element feed 534V and horizontal polarization antenna element feed 534H. Preferably all planar antenna elements of the planar array 1750 are fabricated on a single PCB. Furthermore, the planar antenna elements of the planar array 1750 can be designed to have a low reflection coefficient in the operating frequency band of the radio and a high reflection coefficient outside the band.

The horizontal, respectively vertical, polarization feeding network 1760H, 1760V comprises N antenna feeds inputs and means to couple the MPA antenna feeds 1734H, 1734V to the horizontal, respectively vertical, polarization antenna feed 534H, 534V of at least two planar antenna elements, e.g., 514, feeds of the planar array 1750. The horizontal, respectively vertical, polarization feeding network 1760H, 1760H comprises RF circuits and devices such as, without limitations, transmission lines, hybrid couplers, power dividing/combining elements, phase shifters, delay lines, attenuators, amplifiers, and switching elements. The horizontal, respectively vertical, polarization feeding network 1760H, 1760H and the planar array 1750 of printed circuit dual linear polarization planar antenna elements are designed and arranged such that: (1) RF signals 1605 coupled to an antenna feed of the horizontal, respectively vertical, polarization feeding network 1760H, 1760H are radiated according to horizontally, respectively vertically, polarized directional beams 1642H, 1642V radiating with a given elevation and azimuth beamwidth, a given gain and a given direction; (2) for each MPA antenna feed 1734H of the horizontal polarization feeding network 1760H there is one and only one MPA antenna feed 1734V of the vertical polarization feeding network 1760V that radiates a beam in substantially the same direction but with orthogonal polarization. These two corresponding MPA antenna feeds 1734H, 1734V constitute a MPA antenna port 1612-j, where j=1 . . . N; (3) RF signals 1605 coupled to different antenna feeds 1734H, 1734V of the horizontal, respectively vertical, polarization feeding network 1760H, 1760V are radiated according to horizontally, respectively vertically, polarized directional beams 1642H, 1642V in substantially different directions; and (4) different RF signals 1605 coupled to at least two different MPA antenna feeds 1734H, 1734V of the horizontal, respectively vertical, polarization feeding network 1760H, 1760V are simultaneously radiated by the MPA antenna 1710 according to the directional beams of each MPA antenna port 1612-j.

Optionally, if the number of MPA antenna ports 1612-j is greater than half the number of RF chains of the radio, or equivalently the number of MPA antenna feeds is greater than the number of RF chains of a radio coupled with the MPA antenna system that includes the MPA antenna 1710, the MPA antenna system interface matrix can provide means to selectively interconnect the different RF chains of the radio to one or more MPA antenna feeds 1734H, 1734V. The interface matrix can further include means to dynamically and alternatively configure the interconnections. Furthermore, the interface matrix can be configured to allow each RF chain to be coupled to none, one or multiple antenna feeds 1734H, 1734V of the MPA antenna system. The state of the switching elements is configured via the interface matrix control signals. The interface matrix can also include inline RF filters to further reject signals outside the radio's operating frequency band.

By appropriately designing the horizontal polarization and vertical polarization feeding networks 1760H, 1760V, the arrangement of dual linear polarization antenna elements in the planar array 1750, and selectively interconnecting RF chains of the radio to the antenna feeds 1734H, 1734V of the MPA antenna 1710, it is possible to achieve all the intended features of an MPA antenna system, including controlling the directional coverage area of the radio with the same MPA antenna system.

FIG. 18 is a diagram of an MPA antenna 1810 similar to the MPA antenna 1710 illustrated in FIG. 17. In the MPA antenna 1810, the horizontal polarization feeding network 1760H and vertical feeding network 1760V of the MPA antenna 1710 are logically divided into a horizontal, respectively vertical, polarization multiple input multiple output (MIMO) feeding network 1862H, 1862V, multiple horizontal, respectively vertical, polarization interconnection feeding networks 1864H, 1864V, and multiple horizontal, respectively vertical, polarization row feeding networks 1866H, 1866V. Further, the planar printed circuit dual linear polarization antenna elements in the planar array 1750 of the MPA antenna 1710 are divided into planar sub-arrays 1852, where each sub-array can comprise arbitrary and different number of planar printed circuit dual linear polarization antenna elements (e.g., each antenna element implemented like 514). For the sake of clarity but without limitations, in the following we will assume that the number of planar printed circuit dual linear polarization antenna elements is the same in all sub-arrays 1852.

We will now describe the arrangement of the different logical elements of the MPA antenna 1810. For each sub-array 1852 of planar printed circuit dual linear polarization antenna elements, there is a first feeding network interconnected to the horizontal polarization antenna element feeds 534H of the planar antenna elements called feeding network the horizontal polarization row feeding network 1866H. For each sub-array 1852 of planar printed circuit dual linear polarization antenna elements, there is also a second feeding network interconnected to the vertical polarization antenna element feeds 534V of the planar antenna elements called feeding network the vertical polarization row feeding network 1866V. The horizontal polarization and vertical polarization row feeding network 1866H, 1866V are designed to produce beams in a substantially similar direction with substantially similar beamwidth and side lobe levels.

The horizontal, respectively vertical, polarization row feeding network 1866H, 1866V comprises RF circuits and devices such as, without limitations, transmission lines, hybrid couplers, power dividing/combining elements, phase shifters, delay lines, attenuators, amplifiers, and switching elements. FIG. 19 is a diagram of a sub-array 1952 of planar printed circuit dual linear polarization antenna elements which comprises four patch antennas 514 arranged in a linear horizontal row and the horizontal polarization row feeding network 1966H and vertical polarization row feeding network 1966V coupled to the sub-array 1952. The horizontal, respectively vertical, row feeding network 1966H, 1966V distributes their respective input signal from the interconnection feeding networks 1864H, 1864V to the horizontal, respectively vertical, antenna element feeds 534H, 534V using a corporate feeding network. The transmission line lengths and impedance of the horizontal, respectively vertical, polarization row feeding network 1966H, 1966V are designed to achieve a phase and amplitude distribution of the RF signals at the antenna element feeds 534H, 534V, and together with the patch antenna element 514's design and inter-element spacing to achieve the desired radiation pattern (beam direction, beamwidth, side lobe levels, etc.) in the horizontal (azimuth) cut. Furthermore, the design is such that RF signals from 1864V coupled to a vertical polarization row feeding network 1966V are radiated with substantially similar radiation patterns but with orthogonal polarization as RF signals from 1864H coupled to a horizontal polarization row feeding network 1966H. Generally, but not necessarily, all sub-arrays 1852 of planar printed circuit dual linear polarization antenna elements and their vertical and horizontal polarization row feeding networks 1866H, 1866V are designed to achieve similar radiation patterns.

For the sake clarity, but without limitations, we will assume that, in the MPA antenna 1810, the planar printed circuit dual linear polarization antenna elements are arranged into equally spaced identical sub-array rows, each sub-array row 1852 consisting of a linear arrangement of equally spaced planar printed circuit dual linear polarization antenna elements 514. Further, the vertical polarization and horizontal polarization row feeding networks 1866H, 1866V are designed to produce beams in the broadside direction with similar horizontal (azimuth) beamwidth, side lobe levels and gain.

Referring again to FIG. 18, the function of a horizontal, respectively vertical, polarization interconnection feeding network 1864H, 1864V is to distribute the RF signal from one output of the horizontal, respectively vertical, polarization MIMO feeding network 1862H, 1862V to the input of one or more horizontal, respectively vertical, polarization row feeding networks 1866H, 1866V. The horizontal, respectively vertical, polarization interconnection feeding network 1864H, 1864V comprises RF circuits and devices such as, without limitations, transmission lines, hybrid couplers, power dividing/combining elements, phase shifters, delay lines, attenuators, amplifiers, and switching elements. FIG. 20 is a diagram of an interconnection feeding network 2064 to distribute an RF signal from one output of the MIMO feeding network 1862H, 1862V to inputs of four row feeding networks 2066 using a corporate feeding network 2058. FIG. 21 is a diagram of another interconnection feeding network 2164 distributing a RF signal from one output of the MIMO feeding network 1862 to an input of one row feeding network 2166.

The interconnection feeding networks 2064, 2164 are designed to provide a signal amplitude and phase distribution at the input of the row feeding networks 2066, 2166, respectively, to achieve the desired radiation patterns in the vertical (elevation) cut. For example, and without limitations, different attenuators 2061 can be used to control the radiation pattern side lobe levels or different delays 2063 can be used to steer the radiation pattern of all rows or a subset of row in a given direction. Referring again to FIG. 18, the horizontal polarization and vertical polarization interconnection networks 1864H, 1864V connected to corresponding outputs of the vertical polarization and horizontal polarization MIMO feeding networks 1862H, 1862V should be designed to achieve similar amplitude and phase distribution of the RF signal at the input of the horizontal polarization and vertical polarization row feeding networks 1866H, 1866V of the same sub-arrays 1852 of planar printed circuit dual linear polarization antenna elements.

Unlike the interconnection networks 1864H, 1864V and row feeding networks 1866H, 1866V, the MIMO feeding networks 1862H, 1862V have multiple inputs that can be simultaneously excited and multiple outputs. The vertical polarization and horizontal polarization MIMO feeding networks 1862H, 1862V therefore are the core components of the feeding networks 1760H, 1760V to enable the simultaneous transmission of multiple signals in different directions and the reconfigurability of the radio coverage area.

To enable those features, the MIMO feeding networks 1862H, 1862V must have the following three properties: (1) for each input of a MIMO feeding network 1862H, 1862V, a different RF signal amplitude and phase distribution must be achieved at the output of the MIMO feeding network 1862H, 1862V; (2) for each input of the vertical polarization MIMO feeding network 1862V there is a corresponding input of the horizontal polarization MIMO feeding network 1862H achieving the same RF signal amplitude and phase distribution at its outputs (the outputs of the vertical polarization and horizontal polarization MIMO feeding networks 1862H, 1862V with same amplitude and phase are denoted as corresponding outputs); and (3) when multiple inputs of the MIMO feeding network 1862H, 1862V are excited, the MIMO feeding network outputs should consist of the superposition of the RF signals resulting from the individual excitation of the inputs. The inputs of the vertical polarization and horizontal polarization MIMO feeding networks 1862H, 1862V are the MPA antenna feeds 1734H, 1734V, and the vertical polarization and horizontal polarization MPA antenna feeds 1734H, 1734V achieving the same RF signal amplitude and phase distribution at the vertical polarization and horizontal polarization MIMO feeding networks outputs are together an MPA antenna port 1612.

When the above MIMO feeding network 1862H, 1862V properties are achieved, together with the properties of the vertical polarization and horizontal polarization interconnection feeding networks 1864H, 1864V, and of the vertical polarization and horizontal polarization row feeding networks 1866H, 1866V, in the result: (1) RF signals from the multi RF chains radio coupled to corresponding MPA antenna feeds 1734H, 1734V will radiate with substantially similar directional radiation patterns but with orthogonal polarization; (2) RF signals from the multi RF chains radio coupled to different MPA antenna ports 1712 will simultaneously radiate in different directions; and (3) by changing the MPA antenna port 1712 to which RF signals from the multi RF chain radio are coupled or disconnecting one or more RF signals from all antenna ports 1712-1, . . . , 1712-N, it is possible to change the multi RF-chain radio type-2 coverage area (note that in some cases, as will be discussed below, the interconnection networks 1864H, 1864V must be heterogeneous to achieve different directions for different input ports 1712).

FIG. 22 is a diagram of an MPA antenna system 2200 that includes an MPA antenna 2210 for which each of the MIMO feeding networks 2262H, 2262V is implemented as a pass-through feeding network. A pass-through feeding network 2262H, 2262V directly interconnects one input to one output (i.e., it has an identity matrix transfer function), thus it meets the above-noted three required properties of a MIMO feeding network. However, in order to achieve different beam directions for RF signals coupled to different MPA antenna ports, different interconnection feeding networks 2064H-j, 2064V-j are designed such that the signal radiates in different directions, where j=1 . . . N. For example, assuming, as shown in FIG. 22, four rows 1952-i of dual linear polarization patch antenna elements (e.g., 514) spaced about half a wavelength apart, e.g., between 0.4λ and 0.6λ, where, i=1 . . . 4, the radiation pattern will have a beamwidth of approximately 30 degrees in the vertical (elevation) cut. Note that each row 1952-i of dual linear polarization patch antenna elements is connected to the corresponding interconnection feeding network 2064H-j, 2064V-j through respective horizontal or vertical polarization row feeding network 1966H-i, 1966V-i.

Assuming two interconnections feeding networks 2064H-j, 2064V-j, (i.e., j=1 . . . N, where N=2), the first horizontal polarization interconnection network 2064H−1 and first vertical polarization interconnection network 2064V−1 are designed with transmission line delays such that the radiation pattern has a maximum at a 10 degree angle in the vertical cut, and the second horizontal polarization interconnection network 2064H−2 and second vertical polarization interconnection network 2064V−2 are designed with transmission line delays such that the radiation pattern has a maximum at a −10 degree angle in the vertical cut. As shown in FIG. 22, the MPA antenna system 2200's interface matrix is divided into a horizontal interface matrix 2220H and a vertical interface matrix 2220V.

Assuming, without limitations, a radio with four RF chains 2232-1, . . . , 2232-4, the first two RF chains 2232-1, 2232-2 are connected to the horizontal interface matrix 2220H and the second two RF chains 2232-3, 2232-4 are connected to the vertical interface matrix 2220V. For N greater than 2, the radio coverage can be changed by selectively interconnecting the first and second RF chains 2232-1, 2232-2 in the horizontal interface matrix 2220H to two different horizontal antenna feeds 2234H−1, 2234H−2 of the MPA antenna 2210 and by selectively interconnecting the third and fourth RF chains 2232-3, 2232-4 in the vertical interface matrix 2220V to the corresponding vertical antenna feeds 2234V−1, 2234V−2 of the MPA antenna 2210. The radio coverage can also be changed by selectively disconnecting either the first and second RF chains 2232-1, 2232-2 or the third and fourth RF chains 2232-3, 2232-4 from any antenna feeds 2234H-j, 2234V-j, where j=1,2. The MPA antenna system 2200 illustrated in FIG. 22 can be generalized for an arbitrary number of RF chains 2232 and number of rows of antenna elements per interconnection feeding network 2064H-j, 2064V-j.

However, other MPA antenna systems can be implemented to more efficiently use the rows 1952-j of antenna elements to produce the narrowest beamwidth possible. For example, with eight rows 1952-j of antenna elements, where j=1 . . . 8, one can achieve a beamwidth of approximately 15 degree versus approximately 30 degree with the architecture illustrated in FIG. 22 where j=4. FIG. 23 is diagram of a MIMO feeding network 2362 implemented as a 90-degree hybrid coupler, which is more efficient than the MIMO feeding network 2262H, 2262V. In a 90-degree hybrid coupler 2362, the RF signal at port 2312-1 will be distributed with 90-degree phase difference at the output port 2312-3 and 2312-4 and will vanish at the other input port 2312-1. Similarly, the RF signal at port 2312-2 will be distributed with an inverted 90-degree phase difference at the output port 2312-3 and 2312-4 and will cancel at the input port 2312-1.

An important fact that we take advantage in this disclosure is that because RF signals vanishes at the other input port, if two different RF signals are simultaneously coupled to the two input ports, they will superpose at the output ports with the respective phase shift associated to their respective input port. Therefore, a horizontal, respectively vertical, MIMO feeding network realized using the 90-degree hybrid coupler meets the three required properties of the MIMO feeding networks.

FIG. 24 is a diagram of an MPA antenna system 2400 that includes a horizontal interface matrix 2420H, a vertical interface matrix 2420V, and an MPA antenna 2410. The MPA antenna 2410 includes 90°-hybrid coupler MIMO feeding networks 2362H, 2362V, and two vertical interconnection feeding networks 2064V−1, 2064V−2 and two horizontal interconnection feeding networks 2064H−1, 2064H−2, each coupled to four rows 1952-j of antenna elements, where j=1 . . . 4. Note that each row 1952-i of dual linear polarization patch antenna elements is connected to the corresponding interconnection feeding network 2064H-j, 2064V-j through respective horizontal or vertical polarization row feeding network 1966H-i, 1966V-i. Here, each RF signal coupled to an MPA antenna feed 2234H, 2234V is distributed to all rows 1952-j antenna elements and therefore benefits from the full array aperture to achieve the narrowest beamwidth in the vertical (elevation) cut. Also, unlike the case with pass-through feeding network 2262H, 2262V, even if the interconnection feeding networks 2064H−1, 2064H−2, 2064V−1, 2064V−2 are identical, the beam directions for a different MPA antenna port are different because the phase distribution at the output of the 90-degree hybrid coupler MIMO feeding network 2362H or 2362V is different for different input ports.

Therefore, with this structure of the MPA antenna system 2400, RF signals coupled to corresponding MIMO feeding networks inputs (i.e., corresponding MPA antenna feeds 2234H, 2234V) will radiate with same directional radiation pattern but with orthogonal polarization and signals coupled to different MPA antenna ports will simultaneously radiate in different directions. However, in the case of a radio with four active RF chains 2232-1, 2232-2, 2232-3, 2232-4, it is not possible to change the radio coverage area since each 90-degree hybrid coupler 2362H, 2362V has only two inputs. An approach to overcome this problem is to use a hybrid between the 90-degree hybrid coupler 2362 and a pass-through matrix 2262 where there are several instantiations of the 90-degree hybrid coupler 2362, each connected to different pairs of interconnection feeding networks 2064H-j, 2064V-j, each pair of interconnection feeding networks designed to radiate in different directions. The MPA antenna system 2400 illustrated in FIG. 24 can be generalized for an arbitrary number of RF chains 2232 and number of rows 1952 of antenna elements per interconnection feeding network 2064H, 2064V.

To more efficiently overcome the problem of providing flexible coverage, we disclose an approach where the MIMO feeding networks is realized by extending the concept of the 90-degree hybrid coupler 2362 to a Butler matrix like the Butler matrices disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,255,450 A. FIG. 25 is a diagram of an 8×8 Butler matrix 2562. An RF signal coupled to an input port 2501 of the Butler matrix 2562 will be distributed to the Butler matrix output ports 2502 with a phase distribution different for each Butler matrix input port 2501.

Assuming the Butler matrix output ports 2502 are interconnected with equal delay transmission lines to identical antennas (e.g., 514 or 1952) equally spaced half a wavelength apart, e.g., between 0.4λ and 0.6λ, the phase distribution at the output ports 2502 of the 8×8 Butler matrix 2562 is such that RF signals at each Butler matrix input port 2501 are radiated according to the beams 2642-1 . . . . , 2642-8 illustrated in FIG. 26. Referring again to FIG. 25, the Butler matrix 2562 is hierarchically built with 90-degree hybrid couplers 2362 and thus retains the 90-degree hybrid couple input port isolation property. That is, an RF signal coupled to a Butler matrix input port 2501 will cancel at all other Butler matrix input ports 2501, and RF signals coupled to different Butler matrix input ports 2501 will superpose at the Butler matrix output ports 2502 with the respective phase shifts associated to their Butler matrix input port 2501.

For example, assuming that the output ports 2502 are interconnected with equal delay transmission lines to identical antennas (e.g., 514 or 1952) equally spaced-half a wavelength apart, e.g., between 0.4λ and 0.6λ, a RF signal coupled to the 8×8 Butler matrix input port 2501-4 will radiate with a beam 2642-4 in a direction at 7 degree (with an approximate 15 degree beamwidth), and a RF signal simultaneously coupled to the 8×8 Butler matrix input port 2501-5 will simultaneously radiate with a beam 2642-5 in a direction at −7 degree (with an approximate 15 degree beamwidth). Therefore, a horizontal, respectively vertical, MIMO feeding network realized with the Butler matrix 2562 meets the three required properties of the MIMO feeding networks.

FIG. 27 is a diagram of an MPA antenna system 2700 which includes a horizontal interface matrix 2720H, a vertical interface matrix 2720V, and an MPA antenna 2710. The MPA antenna 2710 includes a horizontal polarization Butler matrix 2562H and a vertical polarization Butler matrix 2562V, eight horizontal polarization interconnection feeding networks 2164H-j and eight vertical polarization interconnection feeding networks 2164V-j, eight sub-arrays 1952-j (also referred to as rows) of dual linear polarization antenna elements (e.g., 514) and corresponding horizontal polarization row feeding networks 1966H-j and vertical polarization row feeding networks 1966V-j, where j=1 . . . 8. In the MPA antenna, each Butler matrix output is coupled to a single row feeding network 1966H-j, 1966V-j using a single input single output interconnection network 2164H-j, 2164V-j illustrated in FIG. 21. A RF signal coupled to an MPA antenna feed 2734H-j, 2734V-j is therefore distributed to all rows 1952-j of antenna elements and therefore benefits from the full array aperture to achieve the narrowest beamwidth in the vertical (elevation) cut. Furthermore, the MPA antenna 2710 has sufficient antenna ports such that for a radio with four RF chains 2232-1, . . . , 2232-4, the radio coverage can be dynamically changed by changing the interconnection state of the MPA antenna system interface matrix comprising a horizontal interface matrix 2720H and a vertical interface matrix 2720V to selectively interconnect or disconnect the RF chains 2232-1, . . . , 2232-4 to different inputs of the Butler matrices 2562H, 2562V.

To maintain the overlapping coverage for both MPA antenna feeds 2734H-j, 2734V-j of an MPA input port, both the horizontal polarization and vertical polarization Butler matrix 2562H, 2562V are identical, their corresponding output ports are connected by identical horizontal polarization and vertical polarization interconnection networks 2164H-j, 2164V-j to identical horizontal and vertical row feeding networks 1966H-j, 1966V-j interconnected to the same sub-array 1952-j of dual linear polarization antenna elements (e.g., 514). Furthermore, the RF chains 2232-1, . . . , 2232-4 coupled to the horizontal and vertical interface matrix 2720H, 2720V should be interconnected to the corresponding horizontal and vertical MPA antenna feeds 2734H-j, 2734V-j. Note that the different horizontal, respectively vertical, interconnection networks 2164H-j, 2164V-j do not need to be identical. For example, different attenuators can be used to achieve better control of the side lobe levels in the vertical (elevation) cut. The architecture of the MPA antenna system 2700 illustrated in FIG. 27 can be generalized for an arbitrary number of RF chains 2232 and number of rows 1952 of antenna elements per interconnection feeding network 2164H, 2164V.

Because of all its properties, the MPA antenna system 2700 illustrated in FIG. 27 is a preferred embodiment of an MPA antenna system that includes an interface matrix and an MPA antenna like the one shown in either FIG. 17 or FIG. 18. The disclosed utilization of the Butler matrix 2562H, 2562V included in the MPA antenna system 2700 differs from previous utilizations of a Butler matrix in several manners. First, different input ports of each of the two Butler matrices 2562H, 2562V can be interconnected to different RF chains 2232 from the same radio, where each of the RF chains can transmit correlated or uncorrelated data signals. Second, the two Butler matrices 2562H, 2562V are simultaneously used to feed signals to different antenna feeds of the dual linear polarization antenna elements (e.g., 514) in the planar array 1750 of printed circuit dual linear polarization antenna elements. Third, the interconnections between the Butler matrices 2562H, 2562V and RF chains 2232 is done through two different interface matrices 2720H, 2720V which are configured in coordination to always emanate everywhere in the coverage area of the radio, two RF signals on different beams with orthogonal polarization.

Therefore, a unique advantage of the disclosed MPA antenna system 2700 is that it enables the simultaneous utilization of all elements (e.g., 514) in a planar array 1750 of printed circuit dual linear polarization antenna elements to transmit/receive signal from/to at least four RF chains 2232-1, . . . , 2232-4 from a single radio with multiple RF chains and to use an interface matrix 2720H, 2720V to reconfigure the achieved coverage area of the radio. This is particularly important to efficiently support MIMO and MU-MIMO radios with or without the ability to reconfigure coverage.

In a particular arrangement all components of the MPA antenna system 2700 comprising the MPA antenna 2710 (feedings networks 2562H, 2562V, 2164H-j, 2164V-j, 1966H-j, 1966V-j and antenna elements 1952-j) and the vertical and horizontal interface matrices 2720H, 2720V, excluding cables, are fabricated on a single PCB. The PCB can be single sided or double sided.

Variants and combinations of the above arrangements can be used to achieve the same properties of the MPA antenna 2710 for different number of inputs, antenna elements, and level of coverage reconfigurability. In particular, it can be readily recognized that the above arrangements can be used with radios with more than four RF chains 2232-1, . . . , 2232-4. For example, and without limitations, the MPA antenna system 2700 with 8×8 Butler matrix 2562H, 2562V, can be interconnected with a radio with 8 RF chains and simultaneously radiate signals in four different directions with orthogonal polarization, and further offer reconfigurability of the radio coverage area.

By employing the MPA antenna system 2200, 2400, 2700, a multitude of benefits and features result for its use: (1) it is possible to design arbitrary narrow directional beams with accurate side lobe level control in both horizontal (azimuth) cut and vertical (elevation) cut to minimize interference to adjacent wireless network devices and client devices using the same channel; (2) the reconfigurable interface matrices 2220H, 2220V or 2420H, 2420V or 2720H, 2720V enable one to dynamically and alternatively change the coverage of a radio with multiple RF chains, including profile, direction and width. This is an important feature to dynamically provide good signal coverage in UHD type-2 coverage scenarios while limiting interference in dense network deployment; (3) everywhere in the coverage area of the radio, there are always two signals emanating on different beams with orthogonal polarization. This is a desired feature to provide efficient MIMO communication links with two spatial streams; (4) different RF signals from the radio with multiple RF chains coupled to different ports are radiated in different directions (e.g., for a radio with four RF chains 2232-1, . . . , 2232-4, two RF signals coupled to a first port but different antenna feeds 2734H-j, 2734V-j will radiate with beams in the same direction but with orthogonal polarization and two other RF signals coupled to a different second port but different antenna feeds 2234H-j, 2234V-j or 2734H-j, 2734V-j will radiate with beams in the direction different from the first two RF signals but with orthogonal polarization). This provides additional signal discrimination that further enhances the performance of MU-MIMO communications; (5) by using an arrangement based on hybrid couplers, one can effectively reuse the antenna elements 1952-j to generate multiple directional beams and maximize the available area for antenna elements to generate beams with the narrowest beamwidth and (6) the geometry and signal rejection properties of the MPA antennas 2210, 2410, 2710 enable, as discussed below, the efficient realization of a multi-radio antenna system. One can thus appreciate the multiple significant benefits provided by the disclosed MPA antenna system 2200, 2400, 2700 over present state-of-the-art antenna systems employed in wireless network devices.

For the second step of the second approach, we will now integrate multiple MPA antennas (e.g., 2210, 2410, 2710) and an interface matrix into a multi-radio MPA (MR-MPA) antennas system for MR-WND to efficiently resolve the problem of providing efficient MIMO and MU-MIMO communications concurrently with multiple radios in UHD environments where high antenna gain and directivity are required.

We first consider some examples of MPA antenna systems that could be integrated together to realize a MR-MPA antenna system for a MR-WND. FIG. 28 is a diagram of an example of a 4×8 MPA antenna system 2800 implemented as the MPA antenna system 2200 in which the 4×8 MPA antenna 2210 has N=1 horizontal, respectively vertical, interconnection feeding network 2064H, 2064V (note that in this case the 4×8 MPA antenna has a single port) both interconnected to eight rows 2252-j of four linear arrays of dual linear polarization patch antenna elements (e.g., 514) with half wavelength inter antenna element spacing, e.g., between 0.4λ and 0.6λ, and vertical, respectively horizontal, row feeding networks 1966H-j, 1966V-j, where j=1 . . . 8. Here, the vertical, respectively horizontal, row feeding networks 1966H-j, 1966V-j, and the vertical, respectively horizontal, interconnection feeding networks 2064H, 2064V are designed to provide a broadside radiation pattern with approximatively 30 degree horizontal (azimuth) beamwidth and 15 degree vertical (elevation) beamwidth. In this manner, a single 4×8 MPA antenna connected to a radio chain 2232-1, 2232-2 can provide dual orthogonal beams 2842H, 2842V of substantially similar pattern in a desired direction, enabling a single 4×8 MPA antenna to send and receive two discrete RF signals at the same frequency.

Furthermore, by appropriately designing the horizontal polarization and vertical polarization interconnection 2064H, 2064V and row feeding networks 1966H, 1966V of, and the arrangement of dual linear polarization antenna elements in the planar array 2252, the MPA antenna system 2800 provides means to radiate two RF signals with orthogonal polarization everywhere in the intended coverage zone of the radio and said radiation pattern of the array antenna can be designed to have arbitrary beamwidth and side lobe levels.

FIG. 29 is a diagram of an example of a 4×8 MPA antenna system 2900 implemented as the MPA antenna system 2200 in which the 4×8 MPA antenna 2210 has N=2 horizontal, respectively vertical, interconnection feeding networks 2064H−1, 2064H−2, 2064V−1, 2064V−2, all interconnected to four rows 2252-j of four linear arrays of dual linear polarization patch antenna elements (e.g., 514) with half wavelength inter element spacing between antenna elements and rows of a sub-array antenna, e.g., between 0.4λ and 0.6, where j=1 . . . 4. In the example illustrated in FIG. 29, the vertical, respectively horizontal, row feeding networks 1966H-j, 1966V-j and vertical, respectively horizontal, interconnection feeding networks 2064H-j, 2064V-j of the first sub-array antenna has been designed to provide a radiation pattern with approximatively 30 degree horizontal (azimuth) beamwidth and 30 degree vertical (elevation) beamwidth with a maximum gain at 10 degree in elevation and broadside in azimuth, and the vertical, respectively horizontal, row feeding networks 1966H-j, 1966V-j and vertical, respectively horizontal, interconnection feeding networks 2064H-j, 2064V-j of the second sub-array antenna are designed to provide a radiation pattern with approximatively 30 degree horizontal (azimuth) beamwidth and 30 degree vertical (elevation) beamwidth with a maximum gain at −10 degree in elevation and broadside in azimuth. In this manner, the 4×8 MPA antenna of the 4×8 MPA antenna system 2900 connected to radio chains 2232-1, . . . , 2232-4 can radiate beams 2942H−1, 2942V−1 and 2842H−2, 2842V−2 with different directions and/or beamwidth, enabling the 4×8 MPA antenna of the 4×8 MPA antenna system 2900 to send and receive four discrete RF signals at the same frequency. By appropriately designing the horizontal polarization and vertical polarization interconnection 2064H-j, 2064V-j and row feeding networks 1966H-j, 1966V-j of the sub-arrays, and the arrangement of dual linear polarization antenna elements in the planar sub-arrays, the 4×8 MPA antenna system 2900 provide means to radiate multiple RF signals with orthogonal polarization everywhere in the intended coverage zone of the radio and said radiation pattern of the array antenna can be designed to have arbitrary beamwidth and side lobe levels. Furthermore, if the number of sub-array antennas exceed half the number of RF chains 2232-1, . . . , 2232-4, it then becomes possible to use switching elements and/or power dividing/combining elements in the interface matrix of the MPA antenna system 2900 to selectively route and connect or disconnect the RF chains 2232-1, . . . , 2232-4 to each of the sub-array antenna feeds and dynamically reconfigure the radio coverage.

FIG. 30 is a diagram of an example of a 4×8 MPA antenna system 3000 implemented as the MPA antenna system 2700 in which the 4×8 MPA antenna 2710 has eight rows of linear arrays 2252-j, where j=1 . . . 8, where each row consists of a linear array of four dual linear polarization patch antenna elements with half wavelength inter element spacing between antennas elements, e.g., between 0.4λ and 0.6λ. In the example illustrated in FIG. 30, the vertical, respectively horizontal, row feeding networks 1966H-j, 1966V-j and the Butler matrices 2562H, 2562V have been designed to provide a radiation pattern with approximately 30 degree horizontal (azimuth) beamwidth and 15 degree vertical (elevation) beamwidth with a maximum gain at broadside in azimuth and at different elevation angles depending on the excited port of the Butler matrix 2562H, 2562V.

The Butler matrix based 4×8 MPA antenna system 3000 provides means to radiate, with multiple beams 3042H−1, 3042V−1, . . . , 3042H−8, 3042V−8 in multiple directions, multiple RF signals with orthogonal polarization everywhere in the intended coverage zone of the radio and said radiation pattern of the array antenna can be designed to have arbitrary beamwidth and side lobe levels. Furthermore, when the number of input ports of the Butler matrix exceeds half the number of RF chains 2232-1, . . . , 2232-4, it then becomes possible to use switching elements and/or power dividing/combining elements in the interface matrix of the MPA antenna system 3000 to selectively route and connect or disconnect the RF chains 2232-1, . . . , 2232-4 to each of the Butler matrix antenna feeds and dynamically reconfigure the radio coverage area, including its direction and width.

We further recognize herein the several characteristics possessed by the MPA antennas 1610, 1710, 2210, 2410, 2710 that are critical for a multiple radio antenna system implementation in a MR-WND and can also be exploited to provide additional benefits. First, the planar nature of the MPA antenna 1610, 1710, 2210, 2410, 2710 makes it amenable to integrate multiple MPA antennas in a single planar enclosure. Second, the MPA antenna signal rejection properties, the MPA antenna radiation pattern directionality, the interface matrix (when it comprises RF filters) signal rejection properties, and the flexibility of the geometric arrangement of the MPA antennas 1610, 1710, 2210, 2410, 2710 can be exploited in combination to enhance the isolation between RF signals from different radios to more efficiently support simultaneous operations of these radios. Finally, the possibility to reconfigure, via an interface matrix 2220H/V, 2420H/V, 2720H/V, the coverage realized by a MPA antenna 2210, 2410, 2710 and the possibility to integrate different MPA antennas 1610, 1710, 2210, 2410, 2710 with different beam profiles (direction and/or beamwidth) can be exploited to offer new level of flexibilities for design and operation of wireless networks.

FIG. 31 is a diagram of an example of MR-MPA antenna system 3100M integrating three MPA antenna systems 3100-1, 3100-2, 3100-3 in an enclosure 3182. In this case, each MPA antenna system 3100-1, 3100-2, 3100-3 includes an associated MPA antenna and a subset of the associated interface matrix (sub interface matrix, e.g., 2220H/V, 2420H/V, 2720H/V) and is realized on separate PCBs 3111-1, 3111-2, 3111-3. FIG. 32 is a diagram of an example of MR-MPA antenna system 3200M integrating three MPA antenna systems 3200-1, 3200-2, 3200-3 in an enclosure 3282. In this case, each MPA antenna system 3200-1, 3200-2, 3200-3 includes an associated MPA antenna and a subset of the associated interface matrix (sub interface matrix, e.g., 2220H/V, 2420H/V, 2720H/V) and is realized on separate PCBs 3211-1, 3211-2, 3211-3 Note that in those examples, the MR-WND 201's interface matrix 220 is distributed on multiple components 3100-1, 3100-2, 3100-3 or 3200-1, 3200-2, 3200-3 of the device and further comprises cables between the multiple radios and the connectors on the PCB 3111-j, 3211-j of the associated MPA antenna system 3100-j, 3200-j, where j=1 . . . 3. Further, the MR-WND 201 may comprise multiple enclosures interconnected with cables but at least one enclosure must comprise at least two MPA antenna systems 3100-j, 3200-j. Due to the planar nature of the MPA antennas of the MPA antenna systems 3100-j, 3200-j, the antenna enclosure 3182, 3282's height can be made small. Also, the ability of having multiple MPA antenna systems 3100-j, 3200-j in a single enclosure 3182, 3282 decreases the number of mounting points required for MR-WND 201. Note that if the entire multi-radio wireless network device 201 is integrated in the same enclosure 3182 or 3282 as the antenna systems 3100-j, 3200-j, a single mounting location is required for the entire MR-WND 201 and external cables are eliminated. All those aspects improve the MR-WND aesthetic properties and installation costs. The MR-MPA antenna system 3100M, 3200M can either employ homogeneous MPA antennas (where all MPA antennas have similar beam profile properties) and heterogeneous MPA antennas (where at least some MPA array antennas have different beam profile properties).

To enable simultaneous radio operation of the multiple different radios, is it critical to maintain high isolation between RF signals from the different radios. As indicated before, the first step to ensure that there is sufficient isolation is to configure the radios requiring simultaneous operation such that they transmit and receive RF signals in RF channels in substantially non-overlapping RF bands. We then use the following tools individually or in different combinations to further provide isolation. Those extra isolation tools enable simultaneous operation of radios even in adjacent frequency band. This is useful to maximize the capacity of restricted bands. An example is to operate different radios in the U-NII-1, U-NII-2A, U-NII-2B, U-NII-2C, U-NII-3 and U-NII-4 bands to maximize the utilization of the 5 GHz unlicensed bands.

For sake of clarity, but without limitations, we will describe an arrangement for a MR-WND with two radios, where the first radio always operates in a first band and the second radio always operates in a second band, and the first radio is always interconnected to a first MPA antenna system and the second radio is always interconnected to a second MPA antenna system. The first approach is to design the dual linear polarization planar antenna elements of a MPA antenna of the first MPA antenna system to have a low reflection coefficient in the first frequency band and a high reflection coefficient outside the first band, and to design the dual linear polarization planar antenna elements of a MPA antenna of the second MPA antenna system to have a low reflection coefficient in the second frequency band and a high reflection coefficient outside the second band.

The second approach is to integrate, for the first MPA antenna system, e.g., 3100-1, in its interface matrix between the RF chains of the first radio and the antenna feeds of its MPA antenna, RF filters with low loss in the first frequency band and high rejection outside the first band. Similarly, for the second MPA antenna system, e.g., 3100-2, in its interface matrix between the RF chains of the second radio and its antenna feeds of the second MPA antenna, RF filters with low loss in the second frequency band and high rejection outside the second band are integrated.

A third approach is to take advantage of the fact that the MPA antenna systems 3100-1, 3100-2 or 3200-1, 3200-2 can easily be geometrically separated in the horizontal plane of the enclosure, e.g., 3182 or 3282, to add vertical dividers 3184-1 or 3284-1 between the first and second MPA antenna systems 3100-1, 3100-2 or 3200-1, 3200-2. The dividers 3184-1 or 3284-1 function is to decrease signal leakage from one MPA antenna system to the other. The dividers 3184-1 or 3284-1 may comprise metal sheets and/or RF absorbers, for example.

Each MPA antenna system 3100-j, 3200-j is configured to output a directional beam which intrinsically improves isolation between adjacent MPA antennas systems, e.g., 3100-1, 3100-2 or 3200-1, 3200-2. To further increase this isolation, a fourth approach is to maximize the distance between MPA antenna systems 3100-j, 3200-j designed to operate in the closest frequency band. That is, the distance between MPA antenna systems 3100-j, 3200-j should be monotonically decreasing as a function of the frequency separation between the bands in which the respective dual linear polarization planar antenna elements of MPA antennas of the MPA antenna systems 3100-j, 3200-j have low reflection coefficient.

We will now discuss the coverage flexibility, e.g., in a seating section of a stadium, arena, etc., offered by the proposed MR-MPA antenna architecture. FIG. 33 shows an MR-WND 3301 which uses the first, second and third MPA antenna systems 3100-1, 3100-2, 3100-3 interconnected to radio one, two and three, respectively, such that each MPA antenna system 3100-1, 3100-2, 3100-3 is a homogeneous realization of the MPA antenna system 2800 (similar radiation pattern beamwidth, gain and maximum gain direction), except for the fact that they are designed for the different operating bands of the radios. In this case, the coverage areas 3390-1, 3390-2, 3390-3 for the three radios in the MR-WND 3301 are completely overlapping, as illustrated in FIG. 33. The advantage provided by the MR-MPA antenna system of the MR-WND 3301 is multi-fold. First, this MR-WND 3301 with MR-MPA antenna system enables multiple radios to simultaneously operate in different bands to increase the offered capacity in a narrow directional coverage area. For example, this architecture enables multiple radios to simultaneously transmit and receive in different bands of the 5 GHz unlicensed spectrum, thereby increasing the available capacity delivered by a wireless network device in this unlicensed spectrum from a long distance to a seating section of a stadium. Another advantage is that the services offered by the different radios can be different and/or could use different transmission technologies and protocols. Therefore, a single MR-WND 3301 can be used to deliver those different services or wireless access networks to a given coverage area 3390-1, 3390-2, 3390-3. Another advantage is that the number of mounting locations required to offer this extended capacity or multiple services is greatly reduced by integrating the multiple MPA antenna systems 3100-1, 3100-2, 3100-3 in a single enclosure 3182.

In other cases, the wireless network designer may want to increase the gain of the MPA antennas to be able to cover a given area from a farther distance or with a better signal quality. This has the effect of reducing the radiation pattern beamwidth and therefore decreasing the area covered by the MR-WND. However, the proposed MR-MPA antenna system enables the use of heterogeneous MPA antennas. FIG. 34 shows an MR-WND 3401 which uses the three MPA antenna systems 3100-1, 3100-2, 3100-3 interconnected to radio one, two and three, respectively, such MPA antenna systems 3100-1, 3100-2, 3100-3 are different realizations of the MPA antenna system 2800, where each MPA antenna system 3100-1, 3100-2, 3100-3 has a similar beamwidth and gain, but a different direction in elevation for maximum gain. Then, as illustrated in FIG. 34, the capacity offered by the MR-WND 3401 is spread across a larger area. That is, the architecture in this case is used to extend the coverage areas 3490-1, 3490-2, 3490-3 with high gain, versus the MR-WND 3301, where the capacity in the coverage area with high gain is increased.

A novel level of flexibility can be achieved with the proposed MR-MPA antenna system when one or more of the MPA antenna systems enable the reconfiguration via the MR-MPA antenna system interface matrix of the radio coverage. For example, FIG. 35 shows an MR-WND 3501 which uses the three MPA antenna systems 3100-1, 3100-2, 3100-3 interconnected to radio one, two and three, respectively, where each radio has four RF chains. Here, the MPA antenna systems 3100-1, 3100-2, 3100-3 are similar realization of the Butler matrix based MPA antenna system 3000, except for the fact that they are designed for the different operating bands of the radios. In this example, the sub interface matrix associated with each MPA antenna system 3100-1, 3100-2, 3100-3 can be independently configured to interconnect or disconnect the RF chains with different MPA antenna ports. It then become possible to, in one instance, configure the interface matrix such that each radio offers wireless services in different areas 3490-1, 3490-2, 3490-3 to extend the service area of the MR-WND 3401 or all radios offer wireless services in the same coverage area 3590-1, 3590-2, 3590-3 to increase the offering capacity as illustrated in FIG. 35. Therefore, the same MR-WND 3501 can be reconfigured as a function of the instantaneous requirements to either extend the coverage area 3490-1, 3490-2, 3490-3 with high gain or increase the capacity in the coverage area 3590-1, 3590-2, 3590-3.

In several wireless network deployments it might be advantageous to have dissimilar characteristics for the coverage area of the radios. For example, this can be useful to extend coverage 3490-1, 3490-2, 3490-3, as discussed in the previous two examples and illustrated in FIG. 34, but also to offer softer coverage transitions between radios within a MR-WND and between adjacent MR-WND's to optimize user load balancing and roaming. In the previous examples, we assumed that all array antennas in an enclosure 3182, 3282 have similar beamwidth characteristics. The interface matrix could be used to independently change each radio coverage width by disconnecting some RF chains from antenna feeds. However, an additional approach is to integrate in the enclosure 3182, 3282 MPA antenna systems with different beamwidth characteristics. FIGS. 36 and 37 shows an MR-WND 3601 which uses the MPA antenna systems 3200-1 and 3200-2 in the MR-MPA system 3200M interconnected to radio one and two respectively, where each radio has four RF chains. Here, the MPA antenna systems 3200-1, 3200-2 are similar realization of the Butler matrix based MPA antenna system 3000 except for the fact that they are designed for the different operating bands of the radios. The MPA antenna system 3200-3 in the MR-MPA system 3200M is interconnected to radio three, where radio three has four RF chains, is a realization of the MPA antenna system 2900. Because the MPA antenna systems 3200-1, 3200-2, 3200-3 are oriented in different directions and have different architecture, it can be realized that the coverage areas 3790-1, 3790-2, 3790-3 of the different radios will be as illustrated in FIG. 37 when the interface matrix is configured such that MPA antenna system 3200-1 and MPA antenna system 3200-2 radiate at broadside. Further, it is possible to change the interface matrix configuration as a function of various parameters such that MPA antenna system 3200-1 and MPA antenna system 3200-2 radiate in different directions to extend the coverage areas 3690-1, 3690-2, 3690-3 achieved by the MR-WND 3601 as shown in FIG. 36.

Somebody skilled in the art can easily extend the embodiment to different number of radios, RF chains, multiple multi-port antennas, type of multi-port antennas, etc. In particular, the different MPA antenna systems discussed previously can be integrated in different combinations in this disclosed MR-MPA antenna system.

Somebody skilled in the art can appreciate that by appropriately selecting and designing the MPA antennas, the radios and operating bands, the interface matrix configuration, and other components of the MR-WND, it is possible to achieve a new level of flexibility in offering high throughput services in UHD environments where narrow directional coverage is required. One can thus appreciate the significant and unique benefits provided by the disclosed MR-MPA antenna system over state-of-the-art antenna systems in wireless network devices.

One can appreciate that in combination the disclosed multi-radio multi-segment multi-port antenna system and multi-radio multi-port array antenna system achieve all desired and optional features for a MR-WND antenna system in UHD environments. The disclosed antenna systems therefore provide great benefits over state-of-the-art systems for the design and operation of high capacity multi service wireless networks in UHD environments.

In general, innovative aspects of the technologies described herein can be implemented in wireless-access points that include one or more of the following aspects:

In general aspect 1, a wireless-access point comprises a first radio comprising at least two first radio-chain circuitry each configured to transmit respective radio frequency (RF) signals in a first channel; a second radio comprising at least two second radio-chain circuitry each configured to transmit, simultaneously to transmissions of the RF signals by the first radio, respective RF signals in a second channel which is non-overlapping with the first channel; and a plurality of planar antennas coupled with corresponding first radio-chain circuitry and second radio-chain circuitry to receive the RF signals. A first planar antenna is coupled with a first radio-chain circuitry of the first radio to receive therefrom a first RF signal in the first channel, the first planar antenna being arranged with its normal along a first direction, and configured to radiate the first RF signal along the first direction. A second planar antenna is coupled with a second radio-chain circuitry of the first radio to receive therefrom a second RF signal in the first channel, the second planar antenna being arranged with its normal along a second direction different from the first direction, and configured to radiate the second RF signal along the second direction. And, a third planar antenna is coupled with a third radio-chain circuitry of the second radio to receive therefrom a third RF signal in the second channel, the third planar antenna being arranged with its normal along a third direction, and configured to radiate the third RF signal along the third direction.

Aspect 2 according to aspect 1, wherein the normal of the third planar antenna is parallel to the normal of the first planar antenna.

Aspect 3 according to aspect 1 or 2, wherein the wireless-access point comprises a printed circuit board (PCB), wherein both the first planar antenna and the third planar antenna are printed on the PCB.

Aspect 4 according to any one of aspects 1 to 3, wherein each of the first planar antenna, the second planar antenna and the third planar antenna comprises a microstrip patch antenna.

Aspect 5 according to any one of aspects 1 to 3, wherein the first planar antenna comprises a first dual linear polarization microstrip patch antenna having a first feed and a second feed, the first feed coupled with the first radio-chain circuitry of the first radio to receive therefrom the first RF signal, and the second feed coupled with a fourth radio-chain circuitry of the first radio to receive therefrom a fourth RF signal, the first dual linear polarization microstrip patch antenna being configured to simultaneously radiate, along the first direction, the first RF signal and the fourth RF signal as a first pair of mutually orthogonally polarized beams; the second planar antenna comprises a second dual linear polarization microstrip patch antenna having a third feed and a fourth feed, the third feed coupled with the second radio-chain circuitry of the first radio to receive therefrom the second RF signal, and the fourth feed coupled with a fifth radio-chain circuitry of the first radio to receive therefrom a fifth RF signal, the second dual linear polarization microstrip patch antenna being configured to simultaneously radiate, along the second direction, the second RF signal and the fifth RF signal as a second pair of mutually orthogonally polarized beams; and the third planar antenna comprises a third dual linear polarization microstrip patch antenna having a fifth feed and a sixth feed, the fifth feed coupled with the third radio-chain circuitry of the second radio to receive therefrom the third RF signal, and the sixth feed coupled with a sixth radio-chain circuitry of the second radio to receive therefrom a sixth RF signal, the third dual linear polarization microstrip patch antenna being configured to simultaneously radiate, along the third direction, the third RF signal and the sixth RF signal as a third pair of mutually orthogonally polarized beams.

Aspect 6 according to aspect 5, wherein the normal of the third dual linear polarization microstrip patch antenna is parallel to the normal of the first dual linear polarization microstrip patch antenna.

Aspect 7 according to aspect 6, wherein the third dual linear polarization microstrip patch antenna is rotated relative to the first dual linear polarization microstrip patch antenna by an acute angle, such that a polarization of one of the third pair of mutually orthogonally polarized beams radiated by the third antenna is tilted by the acute angle relative to a polarization of a corresponding one of the first pair of mutually orthogonally polarized beams radiated by the first antenna.

Aspect 8 according to any one of aspects 1 to 7, wherein the wireless-access point comprises interface matrix circuitry coupled between the plurality of planar antennas and the at least two first radio-chain circuitry of the first radio, and the at least two second radio-chain circuitry of the second radio. Here, the interface matrix circuitry is configured to selectively transmit an RF signal from any one of the at least two first radio-chain circuitry of the first radio to none, one or multiple ones of the plurality of planar antennas, and selectively transmit, independently of the transmissions of RF signals by the first radio, an RF signal from any one of the at least two second radio-chain circuitry of the second radio to none, one or multiple ones of the plurality of planar antennas.

Aspect 9 according to any one of aspects 1 to 8, wherein the first antenna has a first reflection coefficient configured such that a first value of the first reflection coefficient at RF frequencies of the first channel is smaller by a first predetermined factor than a second value of the first reflection coefficient at RF frequencies of the second channel; and the third antenna has a third reflection coefficient, such that a first value of the third reflection coefficient at RF frequencies of the second channel is smaller by a second predetermined factor than a second value of the second reflection coefficient at RF frequencies of the first channel.

Aspect 10 according to aspect 9, wherein each of the first predetermined factor and the second predetermined factor is between 2 and 10, and each of the second value of the first reflection coefficient and the second value of the second reflection coefficient is between 0.85 and 0.99.

Aspect 11 according to aspect 9, wherein the first predetermined factor is the same as the second predetermined factor.

Aspect 12 according to any one of aspects 1 to 11, wherein the first channel belongs to a first operating frequency band, the second channel belongs to a second operating frequency band, and the first operating frequency band and second operating frequency band are in the 5 GHz unlicensed bands.

Aspect 13 according to any one of aspects 1 to 12, wherein the wireless access point comprises first RF filter circuitry coupled between the two or more first radio-chain circuitry of the first radio and the plurality of planar antennas, wherein the first RF filter circuitry are configured to reject RF signals at the RF frequencies of the second channel of the second radio; and second RF filter circuitry coupled between the two or more second radio-chain circuitry of the second radio and the plurality of planar antennas, wherein the second RF filter circuitry are configured to reject RF signals at the RF frequencies of the first channel of the first radio.

In general aspect 14, a wireless-access point comprises a first radio comprising first radio-chain circuitry configured to transmit a first radio frequency (RF) signal in a first channel; a second radio comprising second radio-chain circuitry configured to transmit, simultaneously to transmissions of the first RF signal by the first radio, a second RF signal in a second channel which is non-overlapping with the first channel; a first antenna coupled to the first radio-chain circuitry of the first radio to radiate the first RF signal, wherein the first antenna has a first reflection coefficient configured such that a first value of the first reflection coefficient at RF frequencies of the first channel is smaller by a first predetermined factor than a second value of the reflection coefficient at RF frequencies of the second channel; and a second antenna coupled to the second radio-chain circuitry of the second radio to radiate the second RF signal, wherein the second antenna has a second reflection coefficient configured such that a first value of the second reflection coefficient at RF frequencies of the second channel is smaller by a second predetermined factor than a second value of the second reflection coefficient at RF frequencies of the first channel.

Aspect 15 according to aspect 14, wherein the first channel belongs to a first operating frequency band, and the second channel belongs to a second operating frequency band that is adjacent to the first operating frequency band.

Aspect 16 according to aspect 14, wherein the first channel belongs to a first operating frequency band, the second channel belongs to a second operating frequency band, and the first operating frequency band and second operating frequency band are in the 5 GHz unlicensed bands.

Aspect 17 according to any one of aspects 14 to 16, wherein the first antenna comprises a first planar antenna formed on a first printed circuit board (PCB), and the second antenna comprises a second planar antenna formed on a second PCB different from the first PCB.

Aspect 18 according to any one of aspects 14 to 16, wherein the first antenna comprises a first planar antenna formed on a printed circuit board (PCB), and the second antenna comprises a second planar antenna formed on the same PCB as the first planar antenna.

Aspect 19 according to any one of aspects 14 to 18, wherein the first antenna comprises a first microstrip patch antenna having a first width and a first length configured to cause the first value of the first reflection coefficient at RF frequencies of the first channel to be smaller by the first predetermined factor than the second value of the first reflection coefficient at RF frequencies of the second channel, and the second antenna comprises a second microstrip patch antenna having a second width and a second length configured to cause the first value of the second reflection coefficient at RF frequencies of the second channel to be smaller by the second predetermined factor than the second value of the second reflection coefficient at RF frequencies of the first channel.

Aspect 20 according to aspect 19, wherein the first radio comprises third radio-chain circuitry configured to transmit, simultaneously to transmissions of the first RF signal by the first radio and the second RF signal by the second radio, a third RF signal in the first channel; the second radio comprises fourth radio-chain circuitry configured to transmit, simultaneously to transmissions of the first RF signal and the third RF signal by the first radio and the second RF signal by the second radio, a fourth RF signal in the second channel; the first microstrip patch antenna comprises a first dual linear polarization microstrip patch antenna having a first feed and a second feed, the first feed being coupled with the first radio-chain circuitry to receive the first RF signal therefrom and the second feed being coupled with the third radio-chain circuitry to receive the third RF signal therefrom, the first microstrip patch antenna configured to simultaneously radiate the first RF signal as a first beam having a first polarization and the third RF signal as a third beam having a third polarization orthogonal to the first polarization; and the second microstrip patch antenna comprises a second dual linear polarization microstrip patch antenna having a third feed and a fourth feed, the third feed being coupled with the second radio-chain circuitry to receive the second RF signal therefrom and the fourth feed being coupled with the fourth radio-chain circuitry to receive the fourth RF signal therefrom, the second microstrip patch antenna configured to simultaneously radiate the second RF signal as a second beam having a second polarization and the fourth RF signal as a fourth beam having a fourth polarization orthogonal to the second polarization.

Aspect 21 according to any one of aspects 14 to 20, wherein wireless-access point comprises a plurality of instances of the first antenna, each of the instances of the first antenna being coupled to the first radio-chain circuitry of the first radio; and a plurality of instances of the second antenna, each of the instances of the second antenna being coupled to the second radio-chain circuitry of the second radio.

Aspect 22 according to aspect 21, wherein the instances of the first antenna are arranged as a first array, and the instances of the second antenna are arranged as a second array, and at least one of the first array or the second array is a linear array.

Aspect 23 according to aspect 21, wherein the instances of the first antenna are spaced apart by between 0.4 to 0.6 of a first wavelength corresponding to the first channel, and the instances of the second antenna are separated by between 0.4 to 0.6 of a second wavelength corresponding to the second channel.

Aspect 24 according to aspect 21, wherein the wireless-access point comprises an enclosure arranged and configured to encompass the plurality of instances of the first antenna and the plurality of instances of the second antenna.

Aspect 25 according to any one of aspects 14 to 24, wherein each of the first predetermined factor and the second predetermined factor is between 2 and 10.

Aspect 26 according to aspect 25, wherein each of the first predetermined factor and the second predetermined factor is between 2 and 3; and each of the second value of the first reflection coefficient and the second value of the second reflection coefficient is between 0.85 and 0.99.

Aspect 27 according to any one of aspects 14 to 26, wherein the first predetermined factor is the same as the second predetermined factor.

Aspect 28 according to any one of aspects 14 to 27, wherein the wireless access point comprises a first RF filter coupled between first radio-chain circuitry of the first radio and the first antenna, wherein the first RF filter is configured to reject RF signals at the RF frequencies of the second channel of the second radio; and a second RF filter coupled between second radio-chain circuitry of the second radio and the second antenna, wherein the second RF filter is configured to reject RF signals at the RF frequencies of the first channel of the first radio.

In general aspect 29, a wireless-access point comprises a radio comprising at least two radio-chain circuitry each configured to transmit respective radio frequency (RF) signals; and at least two planar antennas coupled with corresponding radio-chain circuitry to receive the RF signals. A first planar antenna is coupled with a first radio-chain circuitry to receive therefrom a first RF signal, the first planar antenna being arranged with its normal along a first direction, and configured to radiate the first RF signal along the first direction. And, a second planar antenna is coupled with a second radio-chain circuitry to receive therefrom a second RF signal, the second planar antenna being arranged with its normal along a second direction different from the first direction, and configured to radiate the second RF signal along the second direction.

Aspect 30 according to aspect 29, wherein the first planar antenna comprises a first microstrip patch antenna, and the second planar antenna comprises a second microstrip patch antenna.

Aspect 31 according to aspect 29 or 30, wherein the first planar antenna comprises a first dual linear polarization microstrip patch antenna having a first feed and a second feed, the first feed coupled with the first radio-chain circuitry to receive therefrom the first RF signal, and the second feed coupled with a third radio-chain circuitry to receive therefrom a third RF signal, the first dual linear polarization microstrip patch antenna being configured to simultaneously radiate, along the first direction, the first RF signal and the third RF signal as a first pair of mutually orthogonally polarized beams; and the second planar antenna comprises a second dual linear polarization microstrip patch antenna having a third feed and a fourth feed, the third feed coupled with the second radio-chain circuitry to receive therefrom the second RF signal, and the fourth feed coupled with a fourth radio-chain circuitry to receive therefrom a fourth RF signal, the second dual linear polarization microstrip patch antenna being configured to simultaneously radiate, along the second direction, the second RF signal and the fourth RF signal as a second pair of mutually orthogonally polarized beams.

Aspect 32 according to aspect 31, wherein a third dual linear polarization microstrip patch antenna has a fifth feed and a sixth feed, the fifth feed coupled with a fifth radio-chain circuitry to receive therefrom a fifth RF signal, and the sixth feed coupled with a sixth radio-chain circuitry to receive therefrom a sixth RF signal, the third dual linear polarization microstrip patch antenna being arranged with its normal along a third direction different from each of the first direction and the second direction, and configured to simultaneously radiate, along the third direction, the fifth RF signal and the sixth RF signal as a third pair of mutually orthogonally polarized beams; and a fourth dual linear polarization microstrip patch antenna has a seventh feed and an eight feed, the seventh feed coupled with a seventh radio-chain circuitry to receive therefrom a seventh RF signal, and the eight feed coupled with an eight radio-chain circuitry to receive therefrom an eight RF signal, the fourth dual linear polarization microstrip patch antenna being arranged with its normal along a fourth direction different from each of the first direction, the second direction and the third direction, and configured to simultaneously radiate, along the fourth direction, the seventh RF signal and the eight RF signal as a fourth pair of mutually orthogonally polarized beams.

Aspect 33 according to any one of aspects 29 to 32, wherein the second RF signal is another instance of the first signal, and both the first planar antenna and the second planar antenna are coupled with the first radio-chain circuitry to receive therefrom the first RF signal.

Aspect 34 according to any one of aspects 29 to 33, wherein the wireless-access point comprises interface matrix circuitry coupled between the at least two planar antennas and the at least two radio-chain circuitry, the interface matrix circuitry configured to selectively transmit an RF signal from any one of the at least two radio-chain circuitry to none, one or multiple ones of the at least two planar antennas.

In general aspect 35, a wireless-access point comprises a radio comprising at least two radio-chain circuitry each configured to transmit respective radio frequency (RF) signals; a printed circuit board (PCB); and a plurality of planar antennas printed on the PCB. A first set of at least two planar antennas from among the plurality of planar antennas is coupled with first radio-chain circuitry to receive therefrom a first RF signal, the planar antennas of the first set being arranged and configured to radiate, along a first direction, the first RF signal as a first beam having a first beamwidth. And, a second set of at least two planar antennas from among the plurality of planar antennas is coupled with second radio-chain circuitry to receive therefrom a second RF signal, the planar antennas of the second set being arranged and configured to radiate, along a second direction different from the first direction, the second RF signal as a second beam having a second beamwidth.

Aspect 36 according to aspect 35, wherein the first set of at least two planar antennas and the second set of at least two planar antennas are disjoint sets.

Aspect 37 according to aspect 35, wherein the first set of at least two planar antennas and the second set of at least two planar antennas have at least one common planar antenna.

Aspect 38 according to any one of aspects 35 to 37, wherein the first set of at least two planar antennas and the second set of at least two planar antennas have different number of planar antennas.

Aspect 39 according to any one of aspects 35 to 38, wherein the first set of at least two planar antennas and the second set of at least two planar antennas have the same number of planar antennas.

Aspect 40 according to any one of aspects 35 to 39, wherein the radio is configured to transmit RF signals in a particular channel, and the first set of at least two planar antennas and the second set of at least two planar antennas are spaced apart by between 0.4 and 0.6 of a wavelength corresponding to the particular channel.

Aspect 41 according to any one of aspects 35 to 40, wherein the plurality of planar antennas comprises microstrip patch antennas.

Aspect 42 according to any one of aspects 35 to 40, wherein the plurality of planar antennas comprises dual linear polarization microstrip patch antennas, each having a first feed and a second feed; the first feed of each of the dual linear polarization microstrip patch antennas of the first set being coupled with the first radio-chain circuitry to receive therefrom the first RF signal, and the second feed of each of the dual linear polarization microstrip patch antennas of the first set being coupled with a third radio-chain circuitry to receive therefrom a third RF signal, the first set of two or more dual linear polarization microstrip patch antennas being configured to simultaneously radiate, along the first direction, the first RF signal and the third RF signal as a first pair of mutually orthogonally polarized beams; and the first feed of each of the dual linear polarization microstrip patch antennas of the second set being coupled with the second radio-chain circuitry to receive therefrom the second RF signal, and the second feed of each of the dual linear polarization microstrip patch antennas of the second set being coupled with a fourth radio-chain circuitry to receive therefrom a fourth RF signal, the second set of two or more dual linear polarization microstrip patch antennas being configured to simultaneously radiate, along the second direction, the second RF signal and the fourth RF signal as a second pair of mutually orthogonally polarized beams.

Aspect 43 according to any one of aspects 35 to 42, wherein the wireless-access point comprises a feeding network coupled between the plurality of planar antennas and the at least two radio-chain circuitry, the feeding network configured to selectively transmit an RF signal from any one of the at least two radio-chain circuitry to different sets of at least two planar antennas from among the plurality of planar antennas.

Aspect 44 according to any one of aspects 35 to 42, wherein the wireless-access point comprises a feeding network coupled between the plurality of planar antennas and the at least two radio-chain circuitry, the feeding network configured to selectively transmit an RF signal from any one of the at least two radio-chain circuitry to a single set of at least two planar antennas from among the plurality of planar antennas. Here, a first transmission corresponds to a first phase distribution of the RF signal, and a second transmission corresponds to a second phase distribution of the RF signal.

Aspect 45 according to aspect 44, wherein the feeding network comprises a Butler matrix.

In general aspect 46, a wireless-access point comprises a radio comprising at least two radio-chain circuitry each configured to transmit respective radio frequency (RF) signals; horizontal polarization coupling circuitry and vertical polarization coupling circuitry; and a plurality of dual linear polarization microstrip patch antennas, each having a horizontal polarization feed and a vertical polarization feed. Each of the horizontal polarization feed of a first dual linear polarization microstrip patch antenna and the horizontal polarization feed of a second dual linear polarization microstrip patch antenna is coupled through the horizontal polarization coupling circuitry with first radio-chain circuitry to receive therefrom a first RF signal, and each of the vertical polarization feed of the first dual linear polarization microstrip patch antenna and the vertical polarization feed of the second dual linear polarization microstrip patch antenna is coupled through the vertical polarization coupling circuitry with second radio-chain circuitry to receive therefrom a second RF signal, the first dual linear polarization microstrip patch antenna and the second dual linear polarization microstrip patch antenna being arranged and configured to cooperatively radiate, along a first direction, the first RF signal as a first horizontally polarized beam, and cooperatively radiate, along the first direction, the second RF signal as a second vertically polarized beam. The horizontal polarization coupling circuitry comprises a horizontal polarization Butler matrix with multiple input ports and multiple output ports; a horizontal polarization interface matrix coupled to the at least two radio-chain circuitry and to the input ports of the horizontal polarization Butler matrix, the horizontal polarization interface matrix configured to receive from the first radio-chain circuitry the first RF signal, and to selectively provide the first RF signal to a first input port of the horizontal polarization Butler matrix; a first horizontal polarization interconnection feeding network coupled to a first output port of the horizontal polarization Butler matrix to receive the first RF signal, and a second horizontal polarization interconnection feeding network coupled to a second output port of the horizontal polarization Butler matrix to receive the first RF signal, and a first horizontal polarization row feeding network coupled to the first horizontal polarization interconnection feeding network to receive the first RF signal and to the horizontal polarization feed of the first dual linear polarization microstrip patch antenna to provide thereto the first RF signal, and a second horizontal polarization row feeding network coupled to the second horizontal polarization interconnection feeding network to receive the first RF signal and to the horizontal polarization feed of the second dual linear polarization microstrip patch antenna to provide thereto the first RF signal. And the vertical polarization coupling circuitry comprises a vertical polarization Butler matrix with multiple input ports and multiple output ports; a vertical polarization interface matrix coupled to the at least two radio-chain circuitry and to the input ports of the vertical polarization Butler matrix, the vertical polarization interface matrix configured to receive from the second radio-chain circuitry the second RF signal, and to selectively provide the second RF signal to a first input port of the vertical polarization Butler matrix; a first vertical polarization interconnection feeding network coupled to a first output port of the vertical polarization Butler matrix to receive the second RF signal, and a second vertical polarization interconnection feeding network coupled to a second output port of the vertical polarization Butler matrix to receive the second RF signal; and a first vertical polarization row feeding network coupled to the first vertical polarization interconnection feeding network to receive the second RF signal and to the vertical polarization feed of the first dual linear polarization microstrip patch antenna to provide thereto the second RF signal, and a second vertical polarization row feeding network coupled to the second vertical polarization interconnection feeding network to receive the second RF signal and to the vertical polarization feed of the second dual linear polarization microstrip patch antenna to provide thereto the second RF signal.

Aspect 47 according to aspect 46, wherein each of the horizontal polarization feed of the first dual linear polarization microstrip patch antenna and the horizontal polarization feed of the second dual linear polarization microstrip patch antenna is coupled through the horizontal polarization coupling circuitry with third radio-chain circuitry to receive therefrom a third RF signal, and each of the vertical polarization feed of the first dual linear polarization microstrip patch antenna and the vertical polarization feed of the second dual linear polarization microstrip patch antenna is coupled through the vertical polarization coupling circuitry with fourth radio-chain circuitry to receive therefrom a fourth RF signal, the first dual linear polarization microstrip patch antenna and the second dual linear polarization microstrip patch antenna being arranged and configured to cooperatively radiate, along a second direction, the third RF signal as a third horizontally polarized beam, and cooperatively radiate, along the second direction, the fourth RF signal as a fourth vertically polarized beam, wherein the first dual linear polarization microstrip patch antenna and the second dual linear polarization microstrip patch antenna cooperatively radiate the third beam and the fourth beam at the same time when they cooperatively radiate the first beam and the second beam. The horizontal polarization interface matrix is configured to receive from the third radio-chain circuitry the third RF signal, and to selectively provide the third RF signal to a second input port of the horizontal polarization Butler matrix; and the vertical polarization interface matrix is configured to receive from the fourth radio-chain circuitry the fourth RF signal, and to selectively provide the fourth RF signal to a second input port of the vertical polarization Butler matrix. The first horizontal polarization interconnection feeding network to receive the third RF signal from the first output port of the horizontal polarization Butler matrix, and the second horizontal polarization interconnection feeding network to receive the third RF signal from the second output port of the horizontal polarization Butler matrix; and the first vertical polarization interconnection feeding network to receive the fourth RF signal from the first output port of the vertical polarization Butler matrix, and the second vertical polarization interconnection feeding network to receive the fourth RF signal from the second output port of the vertical polarization Butler matrix. The first horizontal polarization row feeding network to receive the third RF signal from the first horizontal polarization interconnection feeding network and to provide the third RF signal to the horizontal polarization feed of the first dual linear polarization microstrip patch antenna, and the second horizontal polarization row feeding network to receive the third RF signal from the second horizontal polarization interconnection feeding network and to provide it to the horizontal polarization feed of the second dual linear polarization microstrip patch antenna; and the first vertical polarization row feeding network to receive the fourth RF signal from the first vertical polarization interconnection feeding network and to provide the fourth RF signal to the vertical polarization feed of the first dual linear polarization microstrip patch antenna, and the second vertical polarization row feeding network coupled to receive the fourth RF signal from the second vertical polarization interconnection feeding network and provide the fourth RF signal to the vertical polarization feed of the second dual linear polarization microstrip patch antenna.

Aspect 48 according to aspect 46 or 47, wherein each of the horizontal polarization interface matrix and the vertical polarization interface matrix comprises one or more switches configured to change inputs of the corresponding horizontal polarization Butler matrix and vertical polarization Butler matrix input ports to which RF signals are selectively provided.

Aspect 49 according to any one of aspects 46 to 48, wherein each of the horizontal polarization interconnection feeding networks and vertical polarization interconnection feeding networks comprises one or more attenuator/gain circuitry and one or more delay circuitry to condition the RF signals provided to the corresponding dual linear polarization microstrip patch antennas.

Aspect 50 according to any one of aspects 46 to 49, wherein each of the first dual linear polarization microstrip patch antenna and the second dual linear polarization microstrip patch antenna comprises two or more instances of itself arranged in a row.

In general aspect 51, a wireless-access point comprises a first radio comprising first radio-chain circuitry configured to transmit radio frequency (RF) signals in a first channel; a second radio comprising second radio-chain circuitry configured to transmit, simultaneously to transmissions of the RF signals by the first radio, respective RF signals in a second channel which is non-overlapping with the first channel; and a plurality of antennas coupled with corresponding first radio-chain circuitry and second radio-chain circuitry to receive the RF signals. A first set of at least two antennas from among the plurality of antennas is coupled with the first radio-chain circuitry of the first radio to receive therefrom a first RF signal in the first channel, the antennas of the first set being arranged and configured to radiate, along a first direction, the first RF signal as a first beam having a first beamwidth. A second set of at least two planar antennas from among the plurality of planar antennas is coupled with the second radio-chain circuitry of the second radio to receive therefrom a second RF signal in the second channel, the antennas of the first set being arranged and configured to radiate, along a second direction, the second RF signal as a second beam having a second beamwidth. Either (i) the second direction is different from the first direction, or (ii) the second beamwidth is different from the first beamwidth, or (iii) both the second direction is different from the first direction and the second beamwidth is different from the first beamwidth.

Aspect 52 according to aspect 51, wherein the plurality of antennas comprise planar antennas.

Aspect 53 according to aspect 52, wherein the planar antennas of the first set have normals oriented along a first direction, and the planar antennas of the second set have normals oriented along a second direction parallel to the first direction.

Aspect 54 according to aspect 51 or 52, wherein the planar antennas of the first set are printed on a first printed circuit board (PCB), and the planar antennas of the second set have been printed on a second PCB different from the first PCB.

Aspect 55 according to any one of aspects 51 to 54, wherein the wireless-access point comprises coupling circuitry connected to (i) the first radio-chain circuitry of the first radio to receive the first RF signal and the second radio-chain circuitry of the second radio to receive the second RF signal, and (ii) the plurality of antennas to provide the first RF signal and the second RF signal to corresponding sets of the plurality. The coupling circuitry is configured to cause the wireless-access point to (i) selectively change either the first direction of the first beam used to radiate the first RF signal in the first channel to a third direction, or the first beamwidth of the first beam used to radiate the first RF signal in the first channel to a third beamwidth; and (ii) either selectively change, independently of the change of the first direction, the second direction of the second beam used to radiate the second RF signal in the second channel to a fourth direction, or (iii) selectively change, independently of the change of the first beamwidth, the second beamwidth of the second beam used to radiate the second RF signal in the second channel to a fourth beamwidth.

Aspect 56 according to aspect 55, wherein both the third direction and the fourth direction are parallel.

Aspect 57 according to aspect 55, wherein both the third beamwidth and the fourth beamwidth are equal.

Aspect 58 according to aspect 55, wherein the coupling circuitry comprises a Butler matrix.

Aspect 59 according to any one of aspects 51 to 58, wherein the antennas are microstrip patch antennas.

Aspect 60 according to any one of aspects 51 to 59, wherein the antennas of the first set have a first reflection coefficient configured such that a first value of the first reflection coefficient at RF frequencies of the first channel is smaller by a first predetermined factor than a second value of the first reflection coefficient at RF frequencies of the second channel, the antennas of the second set have a second reflection coefficient configured such that a first value of the second reflection coefficient at RF frequencies of the second channel is smaller by a second predetermined factor than a second value of the second reflection coefficient at RF frequencies of the first channel.

Aspect 61 according to aspect 60, wherein each of the first predetermined factor and the second predetermined factor is between 2 and 10; and each of the second value of the first reflection coefficient and the second value of the second reflection coefficient is between 0.85 and 0.99.

Aspect 62 according to aspect 60, wherein the first predetermined factor is the same as the second predetermined factor.

Aspect 63 according to any one of aspects 51 to 62, wherein the first channel belongs to a first operating frequency band; and the second channel belongs to a second operating frequency band that is adjacent to the first operating frequency band.

Aspect 64 according to any one of aspects 51 to 62, wherein the first channel belongs to a first operating frequency band; the second channel belongs to a second operating frequency band; and the first operating frequency band and second operating frequency band are in the 5 GHz unlicensed bands.

Aspect 65 according to any one of aspects 51 to 64, wherein the wireless-access point comprises a third radio that comprises third radio-chain circuitry configured to transmit, simultaneously to transmissions of the RF signals by the first radio and the second radio, respective RF signals in a third channel which is non-overlapping with either the first channel or the second channel. Here, a third set of at least two planar antennas from among the plurality of planar antennas is coupled with the third radio-chain circuitry of the third radio to receive therefrom a third RF signal in the third channel, the antennas of the third set being arranged and configured to radiate, along a third direction, the third RF signal as a third beam having a second beamwidth.

Aspect 66 according to aspect 65, wherein the wireless-access point comprises an enclosure arranged and configured to encompass the first radio, the second radio, the third radio, and the plurality of antennas. Here, a first distance between the first set of at least two antennas and the third set of at least two antennas is smaller than a second distance between the second set of at least two antennas and the third set of at least two antennas when a first frequency separation between the first channel of the first radio and the third channel of the third radio is larger than a second frequency separation between the second channel of the second radio and the third channel of the third radio.

In some implementations, the foregoing WNDs and MR-WNDs can be configured with radios using spatial streams expansion with directional antennas, as described below. In the following description, unless specified otherwise, a directional antenna is either a single directional antenna element configured and arranged to radiate RF signals with a directional antenna pattern, or a multiplicity of antenna elements configured using a feeding network to radiate RF signals with a directional antenna pattern.

FIG. 38 illustrates a radio 3830 with multiple radio frequency (RF) ports 3812-1, 3812-2, 3812-3, 3812-4, where each RF port 3812-1/2/3/4 transmits a RF signal, and the radio 3830 transmits multiple spatial streams (SS) of data to an antenna system 3810 coupled to the RF ports 3812-1, 3812-2, 3812-3, 3812-4. Here, the antenna system 3810 includes directional antennas. The number of spatial streams transmitted by the radio 3830 can be equal or different than its number RF ports 3812-1, 3812-2, 3812-3, 3812-4. An example of such a radio is a radio supporting multiple input multiple output (MIMO) transmission techniques where multiple spatial streams of data are transmitted simultaneously over the wireless medium, as described above in connection with FIGS. 4 and 11, for instance.

Spatial streams are independent and separately coded data signals that are transmitted simultaneously from a radio. Several methods, such as direct mapping, beamforming, and cyclic diversity, are used to map or transform the spatial streams into RF signals that are transmitted from the radio RF ports. The number of spatial streams (SS) must be less than or equal to the number of RF ports. A MIMO radio can thus transmit multiple SS in parallel and this results in the space and channel being reused, or multiplexed, more than one time providing an increase in data transmission throughput.

FIG. 39 shows a radio 3930 with RF ports 3912-1, 3912-2, 3912-3, 3912-4 connected to an antenna system 3910, where the radio 3930 includes a MIMO transmitter (TX) 3931. Here, the antenna system 3910 includes directional antennas. For this radio 3930, the number of spatial streams SS1, SS2, SS3, and SS4 is equal to the number of RF ports 3912-1, 3912-2, 3912-3, 3912-4 and a direct mapping method is applied to generate the RF signals such that RF signal at port 1, 2, 3, 4 is identical to the spatial stream signals SS1, SS2, SS3, and SS4, respectively. Such a direct mapping can be applied so a different spatial stream SS1, SS2, SS3, or SS4 is transmitted from each RF port 3912-1/2/3/4.

FIG. 40 shows a radio 4030 with RF ports 4012-1, 4012-2, 4012-3, 4012-4 connected to an antenna system 4010, where the radio 4030 includes a MIMO TX 4031. Here, the antenna system 4010 includes directional antennas. Since in the example illustrated in FIG. 40 a channel between the MIMO TX 4031 and a receiver, e.g., of a user device, is known at the MIMO TX 4031, the radio 4030 uses a four input-four output transmit beamformer 4033 configured to apply beam-forming techniques to efficiently map spatial streams SS1, SS2, SS3, SS4 provided by the MIMO TX 4031 to the RF ports 4012-1, 4012-2, 4012-3, 4012-4 to improve the signal reception at the (user device's) receiver. A beamformer is a linear transformation which maps and superpose each spatial stream to the multiple RF ports such that a RF signal transmitted from a RF port is a linear combination of the spatial streams.

FIG. 41 shows a radio 4130 with RF ports 4112-1, 4112-2, 4112-3, 4112-4 connected to an antenna system 4110, where the radio 4130 includes a MIMO TX 4131 and a two input-four output transmit beamformer 4133. The antenna system 4110 includes directional antennas. Here, the number of spatial streams SS1, SS2 is less than the number of RF ports 4112-1, 4112-2, 4112-3, 4112-4, and transmit beam-forming techniques can also be applied by the two input-four output transmit beamformer 4133.

In the case when the channel is not known at the MIMO TX 4131, open loop transmission techniques can be applied. One open loop transmission technique is based on space-time coding. In such cases, the two input-four output transmit beamformer 4133 can be replaced by a space-time encoder to expand the two spatial streams SS1, SS2 to the four RF ports 4112-1, 4112-2, 4112-3, 4112-4.

Another technique uses spatial expansion to transmit the same spatial stream SS1 or SS2 from more than one RF port 4112-1/2/3/4. Each spatial stream SS1 or SS2 transmitted from different RF ports 4112-1, 4112-2, 4112-3, 4112-4, although carrying the same data, can be slightly altered by delays in the time domain and phase shifts in the frequency domain to avoid creating undesired beamforming between the directional antennas of the antenna system 4110. One such spatial expansion technique is known as the cyclic delay diversity (CDD) spatial expansion. Note that sometimes the delay is applied in the frequency domain as a phase shift. In a spatial expansion technique, such as CCD, the RF signal transmitted from a RF port is a linear transformation (including the identity transformation) of a single spatial stream. Different RF signals transmitted from different RF ports can be transformations of a different spatial stream.

A MIMO radio 4230 using CDD spatial expansions is illustrated in FIG. 42. In this example, the radio 4230 has RF ports 4212-1, 4212-2, 4212-3, 4212-4 connected to an antenna system 4210, and includes a MIMO TX 4231 4231 configured to use CDD spatial expansions 4235-1, 4235-2. Note that a CCD spatial expansion is a mathematical manipulation of a SS signal (similar to FFT) represented in figures of this disclosure as a box having the “CDD” label. In some implementations, a CDD spatial expansion can be performed using dedicated digital circuits, and in implementations using instructions provided to a digital signal processor (DSP). Also, since a CDD spatial expansion is performed in digital domain, the output of the CDD spatial expansion is not directly interconnected to a RF port. The resulting digital signal is first up-converted and amplified in analog domain.

In the MIMO radio 4230 the number of spatial streams SS1, SS2 is less than the number of RF ports 4112-1, 4112-2, 4112-3, 4112-4. The MIMO TX 4231 maps a first spatial stream SS1 to the first RF port 4212-1, and a first instance 4235-1 of a CDD spatial expansion of SS1 to the second RF port 4212-2. Also, the MIMO TX 4231 maps a second spatial stream SS2 to the third RF port 4212-3 and a second instance 4235-2 of a CDD spatial expansion of SS2 to the fourth RF port 4212-4.

In general, a MIMO radio encompasses the means to dynamically modify the number of spatial streams SS1, SS2, etc., and the mapping configuration between the spatial streams and RF ports based on various metrics, such as the receiver capabilities, the link quality, etc. Many wireless communication protocols, such as 802.11x, employ CDD techniques. For example, in 802.11x, an access point communicates its network information data on a beacon encoded on a single spatial stream which is then transmitted from all directional antennas using CDD spatial expansion.

Let us now consider the case shown in FIG. 43 where a single radio 4330 with multiple RF ports 4312-1, 4312-2, 4312-3, 4312-4 is coupled to an antenna system 4310 having multiple directional antennas. In this example, each directional antenna exhibits a directional radiation pattern and two directional antennas radiate RF signals with substantially the same radiation pattern but with orthogonal polarizations H and V. For example, a first directional antenna of the antenna system 4310 is arranged and configured to radiate RF signals with a first radiation pattern 4342-1,2/H,V but with orthogonal polarizations H and V, and a second directional antenna of the antenna system 4310 is arranged and configured to radiate RF signals with a second radiation pattern 4342-3,4/H,V but with orthogonal polarizations H and V. These multiple RF signals from the MIMO radio 4330's RF ports 4312-1, 4312-2, 4312-3, 4312-4 are thus radiated by the antenna system 4310 in (or assigned to) different spatial sectors. FIG. 44 illustrates an example of the top coverage view of such a system including the radio 4330 and the antenna system 4310 when, without limitations, the RF signals from the MIMO radio 4330's RF ports 4312-1, 4312-2 are radiated by a first directional antenna of the antenna system 4310 in a first spatial sector 4390-1,2/H,V with orthogonal polarizations H and V, and the RF signals from the MIMO radio 4330's RF ports 4312-3, 4312-4 are radiated by a second directional antenna of the antenna system 4310 in a second, different spatial sector 4390-3,4/H,V with orthogonal polarizations H and V. An example of such a system is, without limitations, the Multi-Radio Wireless Network Device (MR-WND) with multi-port antennas systems, such as Multi-Segment Multi-Port (MSMP) antenna systems 400, 800, 900, 1000, and the Multi-Port Array (MPA) antenna systems 1100, 1500, 2700. For the case of the MSMP and MPA antennas, the multiple directional antennas correspond to the different ports of the multi-port antennas, where each antenna port radiates a different directional pattern and each antenna port has two antenna feeds where each antenna feed radiates signals with substantially the same radiation pattern but with orthogonal polarization.

The problem that arises is how to best connect RF ports of a MIMO radio to the directional antennas of an antenna system to provide the best performance for different numbers of transmitted spatial streams and mapping techniques between spatial streams and RF ports. Indeed, when spatial expansion techniques are utilized, some interconnection between RF ports and directional antennas can lead to subpar performance. Meanwhile, when direct mapping techniques are utilized, some interconnection between RF ports and directional antennas can lead to subpar performance. We disclose herein techniques to interconnect the RF ports of a MIMO radio to the antenna ports of an antenna system to provide the best performance whether or not CDD based spatial expansion techniques are utilized.

FIG. 45 is a diagram of a wireless network device 4500 including a MIMO radio 4530 with four RF ports 4512-1, 4512-2, 4512-3, 4512-4 and an antenna system 4510 with a first directional antenna connected to the RF ports 4512-1, 4512-2, and a second directional antenna connected to RF ports 4512-3, 4512-4. Various implementations of the MIMO radio 4530 are described below in connection with FIGS. 47, 48, 49 and 50. Referring again to FIG. 45, the first directional antenna, which is depicted here as having a first pair of antenna elements, radiates different RF signals with a first radiation pattern 4542-1,2 but with orthogonal polarization in a first sector, and the second directional antenna, which is depicted here as another pair of antenna elements, radiates different RF signals with a second radiation pattern 4542-3,4 but with orthogonal polarization in a second, different sector, and where the radiation pattern 4542-3,4 of the second directional antenna is different from the radiation pattern 4542-1,2 of the first directional antenna. For illustrative purpose, in FIG. 45 we show a single directional antenna element with a directional antenna pattern but it is understood that an array comprising a multiplicity of antenna elements configured using a feeding network to radiates RF signals with a directional antenna pattern can be used instead. Note that the first and second sectors corresponding to the first and second radiation patterns 4542-1,2 and 4542-3,4 may partially overlap. We will also denote, without limitations, the two orthogonal polarizations as the horizontal and the vertical polarization. One skilled in the art can expand the techniques disclosed herein to a different number of spatial streams, RF ports and directional antennas.

As shown in FIG. 46, let us assume that the first spatial sector associated with the first radiation pattern 4542-1,2 of the first directional antenna, and the second spatial sector associated with the second radiation pattern 4542-3,4 of the second directional antenna are slightly overlapping. We can thus define three type of coverage zones. The first coverage zone 4690-I is the intersection of the two spatial sectors associated with the radiation patterns 4542-1,2 and 4542-3,4, where signals transmitted in both spatial sectors are received. In this first zone 4690-I, the RF signals from the four RF ports 4512-1, 4512-2, 4512-3, 4512-4 can be received with good signal strength. In the first zone 4690-I, it is desirable to be able to receive four different spatial streams corresponding to the four RF ports 4512-1, 4512-2, 4512-3, 4512-4 in a direct or beamforming mapping technique. In the second zone's first portion 4690-1,2, the RF signals from only two RF ports 4512-1, 4512-2 can be received with good signal strength, while the RF signals from the two other RF ports 4512-3, 4512-4 are not received with good signal strength. This second zone's first portion 4690-1,2 corresponds to the area with coverage from at most a single spatial sector associated with the first radiation pattern 4542-1,2. In this second zone's first portion 4690-1,2 it is desirable to be able to receive two different spatial streams corresponding to the first two RF ports 4512-1, 4512-2 in a direct or beamforming mapping technique. In the second zone's second portion 4690-3,4, the RF signals from the remaining two RF ports 4512-3, 4512-4 can be received with good signal strength, while the RF signals from the first two RF ports 4512-1, 4512-2 are not received with good signal strength. This second zone's second portion 4690-3,4 corresponds to the area with coverage from at most a single spatial sector associated with the second radiation pattern 4542-3,4. In this second zone's second portion 4690-3,4 it is desirable to be able to receive two different spatial streams corresponding to the remaining two RF ports 4512-3, 4512-4 in a direct or beamforming mapping technique. The third zone 4690-U corresponds to the union of the two spatial sectors associated with the radiation patterns 4542-1,2 and 4542-3,4 and represent the complete coverage of the radio. In this third zone, it is desirable to receive at least one spatial stream (for example, the radio beacon message) from either of the four RF ports 4512-1, 4512-2, 4512-3, 4512-4 in a CDD spatial expansion mapping technique.

Let us first consider the case of the first coverage zone 4690-I when four spatial streams are transmitted from the radio 4530 when implemented as a MIMO radio 4730 using direct mapping between spatial streams and RF ports as shown in FIG. 47. FIG. 47 shows the MIMO radio 4730 including a MIMO TX 4731 configured to transmit four spatial streams SS1, SS2, SS3, SS4 with direct mapping of the spatial streams to the RF ports 4512-1, 4512-2, 4512-3, 4512-4. Note that the spatial streams SS1, SS2, SS3, SS4 and RF ports 4512-1, 4512-2, 4512-3, 4512-4 numbering is only logical and any other numbering could be used. In this configuration, a receiver, e.g., of a user device, in the first zone 4690-I defined as the intersection of the two spatial sectors associated with the radiation patterns 4542-1,2 and 4542-3,4 will receive the RF signals from the four RF ports 4512-1, 4512-2, 4512-3, and 4512-4 and thereby the four spatial streams SS1, SS2, SS3, and SS4. The same outcome would be reached if the four input-four output transmit beamformer 4033 was employed.

Let us now consider the case of the third coverage zone 4690-U when a single spatial stream is transmitted from the radio 4530, when implemented as a MIMO radio 4830, with CDD spatial expansion mapping between a spatial stream and RF ports, as shown in FIG. 48. FIG. 48 shows the MIMO radio 4830 including a MIMO TX 4831 configured to map one spatial stream SS1 to the first RF port 4512-1, and three instances 4835-2, 4835-3, and 4835-4 of SS1's CDD spatial expansion to each of the remaining three RF ports 4512-2, 4512-3, 4512-4. In this configuration, a receiver, e.g., of a user device, in the third zone 4690-U defined as the union of the two spatial sectors associated with the radiation patterns 4542-1,2 and 4542-3,4 will receive the RF signal from at least one RF port 4512-1, 4512-2, 4512-3, or 4512-4 and thereby receive and decode the single transmitted spatial stream SS1. The same outcome would be reached if a one input-four output transmit beamformer was employed, e.g., one similar to the two input-four output transmit beamformer 4133. Therefore, a receiver, e.g., of a user device, located anywhere in the MIMO radio coverage zone 4690-U will be able to correctly receive any control message, including the beacon frames, send by the radio 4830 with a single spatial stream SS1.

Let us consider next the case for the second coverage zone's first portion 4690-1,2 or the second coverage zone's second portion 4690-3,4, where the radio 4530 is implemented as a MIMO radio 4930 to transmit only two RF signals in at most a single spatial sector associated with the radiation patterns 4542-1,2 or 4542-3,4 to be received by a receiver, e.g., of a user device. FIG. 49 shows the MIMO radio 4930 including a MIMO TX 4931 configured to use CDD spatial expansions 4835-3 and 4835-4. By using the CDD spatial expansions 4835-3 and 4835-4 of two spatial streams SS1, SS2, the MIMO TX 4931 suitably maps the underlying two spatial streams SS1, SS2 to the four RF ports 4512-1, 4512-2, 4512-3, 4512-4. This configuration enables at least one RF signal associated with each of the two different spatial streams SS1, SS2 to be radiated with orthogonal polarizations in both spatial sectors associated with the radiation patterns 4542-1,2 and 4542-3,4. Therefore, a receiver, e.g., of a user device, located anywhere in an area 4690-1,2 or 4690-3,4 where the RF signals from only one spatial sector can be received, will receive RF signals corresponding to two different spatial streams SS1, SS2 radiated on the two orthogonal polarizations. Note that this wouldn't be the case if the CDD spatial expansion signal of spatial stream SS1 was transmitted from the second RF port 4512-2 connected to a first feed of a first directional antenna configured to radiate with the same radiation pattern 4542-1,2 but orthogonal polarization as a second, orthogonal feed of the first directional antenna connected to the first RF port 4512-1 used to transmit the spatial stream SS1. Nor if the CDD spatial expansion signal of spatial stream SS2, was transmitted from the fourth RF port 4512-4 connected to a first feed of a second directional antenna configured to radiate with the same radiation pattern 4542-3,4 but orthogonal polarization as a second, orthogonal feed of the second directional antenna connected to the third RF port 4512-3 used to transmit the spatial stream SS2. This means that RF ports 4512-1 and 4512-3 of radio 4930 should be coupled to a first feed of first and second directional antennas configured to radiate with a first polarization in different spatial sectors associated with the different radiation patterns 4542-1,2 and 4542-3,4. The same applies to RF port 4512-2 and 4512-4 of radio 4930 which should be coupled to the second feed of the first and second directional antennas configured to radiate with orthogonal polarization in the different spatial sectors associated with the different radiation patterns 4542-1,2 and 4542-3,4.

In general, in accordance with the technologies described herein, the interconnection between the RF ports and the directional antennas is configured such that, when there are at least two spatial streams SS1, SS2 transmitted from the MIMO radio 4930, where each spatial stream SS1 (or SS2) is expanded to one or more RF ports with CDD spatial expansion, the RF ports carrying RF signals corresponding to different spatial streams SS2 (or SS1), where a RF signals can be either the original spatial stream or a CDD spatial expansion of the stream, of the MIMO radio transmitter 4931 are coupled to a first directional antenna configured to radiate with a first radiation patterns 4542-1,2 but with orthogonal polarizations. Moreover, the different RF ports 4512-1, 4512-3 (or 4512-2, 4512-4) transmitting the RF signals corresponding to the original SS1 (or SS2) and its CDD spatial expansions are coupled to respective first and second directional antennas configured to radiate with respective first and second different radiation patterns 4542-1,2 (or 4542-3,4).

As discussed before, RF ports respectively transmitting the RF signals corresponding to the original spatial stream and its CDD spatial expansions (for example, RF port 4512-1 and 4512-3 of the MIMO radio 4930) are coupled to directional antennas with different spatial sectors associated with different radiation patterns (e.g., 4542-1,2 and 4542-3,4). In some implementations, in the case where the spatial sectors (e.g., associated with different radiation patterns 4542-1,2 and 4542-3,4) overlap, the original spatial stream and its CDD spatial expansion are radiated in substantially parallel polarization in the region, e.g., 4690-I, where the two spatial sectors overlap. This approach suitably enhances the signal strength of superposed RF signals, which correspond to an original spatial stream and its CDD spatial expansion, received from the antenna system 4510 by a user device in the overlapping region, e.g., 4690-I. For the MIMO radio 4930, the RF ports 4512-1 and 4512-3 are coupled to feeds of first and second directional antennas radiating RF signals with first polarization, and the RF ports 4512-2 and 4512-4 are coupled with orthogonal feeds of the first and second directional antennas radiating with second polarization, such that in the intersection zone 4690-I of the spatial sectors associated with the different radiation patterns 4542-1,2 and 4542-3,4, the received RF signals corresponding to the original spatial stream and its CDD spatial expansion have parallel polarization. However, because of the position of the directional antennas within the antenna system 4510, the antenna directionality, and the three-dimensional nature of a radiation pattern, e.g., 4542-1,2 or 4542-3,4, achieving parallel polarization of RF signals in the overlap region 4690-I is approximate. In a particular embodiment, the antenna system 4510 is implemented as the antenna system 800 of FIG. 8. In a particular case, the first RF port is 431-1, the second RF port is 432-2, the third RF port is 432-3, the fourth RF port is 432-4, the first directional antenna is the first pair of planar antenna segments 616-1 and the second directional is pair of planar antenna segments 616-2. In another embodiment, the antenna system 4510 is implemented as the antenna system 2700 of FIG. 27. In a particular case and with the appropriate configuration of the interface matrices 2720H,V ensuring the radiation of the RF signals at antenna feeds 2231-1, 2232-3 according to the same first radiation pattern but with orthogonal polarization and the radiation of the RF signals at antenna feeds 2231-2, 2232-4 according to the same second radiation pattern different from first radiation pattern but with orthogonal polarization, the first directional antenna is the pair of antenna feeds 2231-1, 2232-3, and the second directional antenna is the pair of antenna feeds 2231-2, 2232-4.

Let us now consider another instance of the case of the first coverage zone 4690-I when the radio 4530 is implemented as a MIMO radio 5030, as shown in FIG. 50, where a same RF signal is coupled to first and second directional antennas of the antenna system 4510 which have different radiation patterns 4542-1,2 and 4542-3,4. FIG. 50 shows the MIMO radio 5030 including MIMO TX 5031. In this example, a first RF port 4512-1 is connected to an H-feed of the first directional antenna of the antenna system 4510 and to a V-feed of the second directional antenna of the antenna system 4510. Here, the first directional antenna is arranged and configured to radiate RF signals in a first spatial sector associated with a first radiation pattern 4542-1,2, and the second directional antenna is arranged and configured to radiate RF signals in a second, different spatial sector associated with a second, different radiation pattern 4542-3,4. In this manner, a first RF signal corresponding to a first spatial stream SS1 and a second RF signal corresponding to a second spatial stream SS2 can be transmitted concurrently to the antenna system 4510, the first RF signal through the first RF port 4512-1, while the second RF signal through the second RF port 4512-2. In this manner, the first RF signal will be radiated, by the first directional antenna, with horizontal polarization in the first spatial sector, and, by the second directional antenna, with vertical polarization in the second spatial sector. And, the second RF signal will be radiated by the first directional antenna with vertical polarization in the first spatial sector, and by the second directional antenna with horizontal polarization in the second spatial sector. In a particular embodiment, the antenna system 4510 is implemented as the antenna system 800 of FIG. 8. In a particular case, the first RF port is 431-1, the second RF port is 432-2, the first directional is the planar antenna segment 614-1 and the second directional is the planar antenna segment 614-2.

In this case, instances of the first RF signal will be radiated by the first and second directional antennas, respectively, with substantially orthogonal polarizations in the region 4690-I where the two spatial sectors associated with the radiation patterns 4542-1,2 and 4542-3,4 overlap. Also, instances of the second RF signal will be radiated by the first and second directional antennas, respectively, with substantially orthogonal polarizations in the overlapping region 4690-I. If instances of the first RF signal and/or instances of the second RF signal were transmitted to the antenna system 4510 in other manners, then the radiated RF signals might combine destructively in the overlap region 4690-I and thus create unwanted radiation nulls. Such unwanted radiation nulls do not occur when CDD spatial expansion is employed, e.g., in MIMO radios 4830 or 4930, because the cyclic delay eliminates the signal coherence. As noted before, because of the position of the directional antennas within the antenna system 4510, the antenna directionality, and the three-dimensional nature of a radiation pattern, e.g., 4542-1,2 or 4542-3,4, achieving orthogonal polarization in the overlap region is approximate. However, the important aspect is to avoid as much as possible having the same RF signal received from the antenna system 4510 by a user device in the overlapping region 4690-I—with almost parallel polarization.

The above embodiments shown in FIGS. 48, 49 and 50 can be integrated in a MR-WND with multiple radios, each radio with multiple RF ports transmitting RF signals, where the multiple RF ports are coupled to one or more antenna systems e.g., 3810, 4310, 4510. In this embodiment, such multiple radios are integrated into a single MR-WND. The different radios transmit RF signals in different RF channels. The configurations described above can be applied independently to each radio of the MR-WND. Here, the antenna systems 3810 includes directional antennas and can further include interface matrices, such as 220, 420, 820, 1120, 120, and 2720H,V, to reconfigure the coupling of RF signals to radiation pattern (or spatial sectors).

In general, innovative aspects of the technologies described herein can be implemented in wireless-access points that include one or more of the following aspects:

In general aspect 67, a wireless-network device comprises a radio configured to transmit one or more spatial streams of data; multiple radio frequency (RF) ports coupled to the radio, where each port is configured to transmit RF signals; and a plurality of directional antennas coupled to the multiple RF ports, wherein each directional antenna is arranged and configured to radiate RF signals with a directional radiation pattern, and at least two antennas radiate RF signals with the same radiation pattern but with orthogonal polarization. Here, the radio is configured to perform cyclic delay diversity (CDD) spatial expansion on a first spatial stream, and transmit the first spatial stream to a first RF port interconnected to a first directional antenna, and the CDD spatial-expanded instance of the first spatial stream to a second RF port interconnected to a second directional antenna. The first directional antenna is arranged and configured to radiate a first RF signal corresponding to the first spatial stream with a first radiation pattern. The second directional antenna is arranged and configured to radiate a second RF signal corresponding to the CDD spatial-expanded instance of the first spatial stream with either a second radiation pattern different than the first radiation pattern, or the first radiation pattern but with orthogonal polarization.

Aspect 68 according to aspect 67, wherein the second RF port is interconnected to the second directional antenna arranged and configured to radiate the second RF signal with the first radiation pattern but with orthogonal polarization. Here, the radio is configured to transmit a second CDD spatial-expanded instance of the first spatial stream to a third RF port interconnected to a third directional antenna, and a third CDD spatial-expanded instance of the first spatial stream to a fourth RF port interconnected to a fourth directional. The third directional antenna is arranged and configured to radiate a third RF signal corresponding to the second CDD spatial-expanded instance of the first spatial stream with a third radiation pattern different than the first radiation pattern. And, the fourth directional antenna is arranged and configured to radiate a fourth RF signal corresponding to the third CDD spatial-expanded instance of the first spatial stream with the third radiation pattern but with orthogonal polarization.

Aspect 69 according to aspect 67, wherein the second RF port is interconnected to the second directional antenna arranged and configured to radiate the second RF signal with the second radiation pattern different than the first radiation pattern. Here, the radio is configured to perform CDD spatial expansion on a second spatial stream, and transmit the second spatial stream to a third RF port interconnected to a third directional antenna, and the CDD spatial-expanded instance of the second spatial stream to a fourth RF port interconnected to a fourth directional antenna. The third directional antenna is arranged and configured to radiate a third RF signal corresponding to the second spatial stream with the first radiation pattern but with orthogonal polarization. And, the fourth directional antenna is arranged and configured to radiate a fourth RF signal corresponding to the CDD spatial-expanded instance of the second spatial stream with the second radiation pattern but with orthogonal polarization.

Aspect 70 according to aspect 69, wherein the second directional antenna is arranged and configured to radiate the second RF signal with the second radiation pattern and with a first polarization, and the first directional antenna is arranged and configured to radiate the first RF signal with the first radiation pattern and with a second polarization parallel to the first polarization in a pre-determined direction.

Aspect 71 according to aspect 69, wherein the second directional antenna is arranged and configured to radiate the second RF signal with the second radiation pattern and with a first polarization, and the first directional antenna is arranged and configured to radiate the first RF signal with the first radiation pattern and with a second polarization orthogonal to the first polarization.

Aspect 72 according to aspect 69, wherein the third directional antenna is arranged and configured to radiate the second RF signal with the second radiation pattern but with orthogonal polarization, and the fourth directional antenna is arranged and configured to radiate the fourth RF signal with the first radiation pattern but with orthogonal polarization.

Aspect 73 according to aspect 67, wherein the radio comprises a MIMO transmitter (TX) configured to produce the one or more spatial streams of data, and perform the CDD spatial expansion on at least one of the spatial streams of data. Here, transmissions of the one or more spatial streams of data and the CDD spatial-expanded instances of the spatial streams from the MIMO TX to the RF ports comprise digital-to-analog conversions transforming the one or more spatial streams of data to corresponding RF signals.

In general aspect 74, a wireless-network device comprises a radio; multiple radio frequency (RF) ports coupled to the radio, where each port is configured to transmit RF signals; and a plurality of directional antennas coupled to the multiple RF ports, wherein each directional antenna is arranged and configured to radiate RF signals with a directional radiation pattern, and at least two antennas radiate RF signals with the same radiation pattern but with orthogonal polarization. Here, the radio is configured to transmit a first RF signal to a first RF port interconnected to both a first directional antenna and a second directional antenna. The first directional antenna is arranged and configured to radiate the first RF signal with a first radiation pattern and a first polarization. And, the second directional antenna is arranged and configured to radiate the first RF signal with a second radiation pattern and second polarization parallel to the first polarization in a pre-determined direction.

Aspect 75 according to aspect 74, wherein the radio is configured to transmit a second RF signal to a second RF port interconnected to both a third directional antenna and a fourth directional antenna. Here, the third directional antenna is arranged and configured to radiate the second RF signal with the first radiation pattern but with orthogonal polarization. And, the fourth directional antenna is arranged and configured to radiate the second RF signal with the second radiation pattern but with orthogonal polarization.

In general aspect 76, a wireless-network device comprises a radio configured to transmit one or more spatial streams of data; multiple radio frequency (RF) ports coupled to the radio, where each port is configured to transmit RF signals; a plurality of directional antennas coupled to the multiple RF ports, wherein each directional antenna is arranged and configured to radiate RF signals with a directional radiation pattern, and at least two antennas radiate RF signals with the same radiation pattern but with orthogonal polarization; and an interface matrix configured to selectively interconnect the RF ports with the plurality of directional antennas. Here, the radio and the interface matrix are configured to enable operation of the wireless-network device as recited in any of the aspects 67-76.

Aspect 77 according to any of the aspects 67-76, wherein the plurality of directional antennas comprises a plurality of antenna segments of an antenna structure in accordance with aspect 29.

Aspect 78 according to any of the aspects 67-76, wherein the plurality of directional antennas comprises a plurality of antenna segments of an antenna structure in accordance with aspect 35.

Aspect 79 according to any of the aspects 67-76, wherein the plurality of directional antennas comprises a plurality of antenna elements of an antenna structure in accordance with aspect 47.

A few embodiments have been described in detail above, and various modifications are possible. While this specification contains many specifics, these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of what may be claimed, but rather as descriptions of features that may be specific to particular embodiments. Certain features that are described in this specification in the context of separate embodiments can also be implemented in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features that are described in the context of a single embodiment can also be implemented in multiple embodiments separately or in any suitable subcombination. Moreover, although features may be described above as acting in certain combinations and even initially claimed as such, one or more features from a claimed combination can in some cases be excised from the combination, and the claimed combination may be directed to a subcombination or variation of a sub combination.

Other embodiments fall within the scope of the following claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A wireless-network device, comprising: a radio configured to transmit one or more spatial streams of data; multiple radio frequency (RF) ports coupled to the radio, where each port is configured to transmit RF signals; and a plurality of directional antennas coupled to the multiple RF ports, wherein each directional antenna is arranged and configured to radiate RF signals with a directional radiation pattern, and at least two antennas radiate RF signals with the same radiation pattern but with orthogonal polarization, wherein the radio is configured to perform cyclic delay diversity (CDD) spatial expansion on a first spatial stream, and transmit the first spatial stream to a first RF port interconnected to a first directional antenna, and the CDD spatial-expanded instance of the first spatial stream to a second RF port interconnected to a second directional antenna, wherein the first directional antenna is arranged and configured to radiate a first RF signal corresponding to the first spatial stream with a first radiation pattern, and wherein the second directional antenna is arranged and configured to radiate a second RF signal corresponding to the CDD spatial-expanded instance of the first spatial stream with either a second radiation pattern different than the first radiation pattern, or the first radiation pattern but with orthogonal polarization, wherein the second RF port is interconnected to the second directional antenna arranged and configured to radiate the second RF signal with the second radiation pattern different than the first radiation pattern, the radio is configured to perform CDD spatial expansion on a second spatial stream, and transmit the second spatial stream to a third RF port interconnected to a third directional antenna, and the CDD spatial-expanded instance of the second spatial stream to a fourth RF port interconnected to a fourth directional antenna, wherein the third directional antenna is arranged and configured to radiate a third RF signal corresponding to the second spatial stream with the first radiation pattern but with orthogonal polarization, and wherein the fourth directional antenna is arranged and configured to radiate a fourth RF signal corresponding to the CDD spatial-expanded instance of the second spatial stream with the second radiation pattern but with orthogonal polarization, wherein the third directional antenna is arranged and configured to radiate the second RF signal with the second radiation pattern but with orthogonal polarization, and the fourth directional antenna is arranged and configured to radiate the fourth RF signal with the first radiation pattern but with orthogonal polarization.
 2. The wireless-network device of claim 1, wherein the second RF port is interconnected to the second directional antenna arranged and configured to radiate the second RF signal with the first radiation pattern but with orthogonal polarization, the radio is configured to transmit a second CDD spatial-expanded instance of the first spatial stream to a third RF port interconnected to a third directional antenna, and a third CDD spatial-expanded instance of the first spatial stream to a fourth RF port interconnected to a fourth directional antenna, wherein the third directional antenna is arranged and configured to radiate a third RF signal corresponding to the second CDD spatial-expanded instance of the first spatial stream with a third radiation pattern different than the first radiation pattern, and wherein the fourth directional antenna is arranged and configured to radiate a fourth RF signal corresponding to the third CDD spatial-expanded instance of the first spatial stream with the third radiation pattern but with orthogonal polarization.
 3. The wireless-network device of claim 1, wherein the second directional antenna is arranged and configured to radiate the second RF signal with the second radiation pattern and with a first polarization, and the first directional antenna is arranged and configured to radiate the first RF signal with the first radiation pattern and with a second polarization parallel to the first polarization in a pre-determined direction.
 4. The wireless-network device of claim 1, wherein the second directional antenna is arranged and configured to radiate the second RF signal with the second radiation pattern and with a first polarization, and the first directional antenna is arranged and configured to radiate the first RF signal with the first radiation pattern and with a second polarization orthogonal to the first polarization.
 5. The wireless-network device of claim 1, wherein the radio comprises a MIMO transmitter (TX) configured to produce the one or more spatial streams of data, and perform the CDD spatial expansion on at least one of the spatial streams of data, wherein transmissions of the one or more spatial streams of data and the CDD spatial-expanded instances of the spatial streams from the MIMO TX to the RF ports comprise digital-to-analog conversions transforming the one or more spatial streams of data to corresponding RF signals.
 6. The wireless-network device of claim 1, wherein the plurality of directional antennas comprises a plurality of planar antennas, a first planar antenna being arranged with its normal along a first direction, and configured to radiate the first RF signal along the first direction, and a second planar antenna being arranged with its normal along a second direction different from the first direction, and configured to radiate the second RF signal along the second direction.
 7. The wireless-network device of claim 1, wherein the plurality of directional antennas comprises a plurality of planar antennas printed on a printed circuit board (PCB), a first set of at least two planar antennas from among the plurality of planar antennas being arranged and configured to radiate, along a first direction, the first RF signal as a first beam having a first beamwidth, and a second set of at least two planar antennas from among the plurality of planar antennas being arranged and configured to radiate, along a second direction different from the first direction, the second RF signal as a second beam having a second beamwidth.
 8. The wireless-network device of claim 1, wherein the plurality of directional antennas comprises a plurality of dual linear polarization microstrip patch antennas each having a horizontal polarization feed and a vertical polarization feed, a first dual linear polarization microstrip patch antenna and a second dual linear polarization microstrip patch antenna being arranged and configured to cooperatively radiate, along a first direction, the first RF signal as a first horizontally polarized beam, and cooperatively radiate, along the first direction, the second RF signal as a second vertically polarized beam. 